Conducting Polymers in the Design of Biosensors and Biofuel Cells

Abstract

Fast and sensitive determination of biologically active compounds is very important in biomedical diagnostics, the food and beverage industry, and environmental analysis. In this review, the most promising directions in analytical application of conducting polymers (CPs) are outlined. Up to now polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) are the most frequently used CPs in the design of sensors and biosensors; therefore, in this review, main attention is paid to these conducting polymers. The most popular polymerization methods applied for the formation of conducting polymer layers are discussed. The applicability of polypyrrole-based functional layers in the design of electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells is highlighted. Some signal transduction mechanisms in CP-based sensors and biosensors are discussed. Biocompatibility-related aspects of some conducting polymers are overviewed and some insights into the application of CP-based coatings for the design of implantable sensors and biofuel cells are addressed. New trends and perspectives in the development of sensors based on CPs and their composites with other materials are discussed.

A New Nanomaterial Based Biosensor for MUC1 Biomarker Detection in Early Diagnosis, Tumor Progression and Treatment of Cancer

“…Conductive polymers can be chosen for enhancing analytical chatacteristics of a biosensor with the aid of their electrochemical activity, conductivity, stability and biocompatibility properties. The most commonly used conductive polymers are polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) in the design of biosensors [78,79]. For example, in order to detect some biomolecules, Ramanaviciene et al [82].…”

Molecular Imprinting Technology for Determination of Uric Acid

“…Recently, among many structures exhibiting different affinity towards analyte, artificially made molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are used in analytical systems dedicated for the determination of low [ 13 , 14 ] and high [ 15 , 16 , 17 ] molecular weight analytes. Some general MIPs designing principles and applications of MIPs in analytical and bioanalytical systems for the determination of both low and high molecular weight compounds are overviewed in recent reviews [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Various polymers and polymerization methods are used for the formation of MIPs.…”

“…Both the above mentioned methods are providing a great variety of abilities suitable for the most efficient formation and/or modification of formed sensing layers and simultaneous control of formed structure, therefore, the properties of formed CP-based layers can be changed very precisely. Polypyrrole (Ppy) among many other CPs like polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene, poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), etc., is the most frequently used for the formation of MIP-based sensing structures due to possible electrodeposition from aqueous solutions devices [ 18 , 19 , 22 , 27 ]. In addition, the electrochemical methods used for the deposition of CP-based layers enable us to form layers exhibiting very different physical properties.…”

“…The most interesting properties suitable for selective molecular recognition are provided by the overoxidation phenomenon. Overoxidation of Ppy is rather easily achievable by applying suitable electrode potentials, which remarkably improves selectivity and sensitivity of Ppy-based MIPs devices [ 18 , 19 , 28 ]. Therefore, overoxidized Ppy-based structures have great properties comparable with that of antibodies or natural receptors and, for this reason, they very often are called artificial antibodies or synthetic receptors, along with some other MIPs that are exhibiting extraordinary selectivity towards imprinted analytes.…”

Computational Study of Graphene–Polypyrrole Composite Electrical Conductivity

“…PPy is a good 2 of 15 conducting polymer, promising, as a super-electrode, for the manufacturing of supercapacitors and batteries. PPy, as a conducting polymer, can be simply synthesized, has a low cost and good mechanical and thermal stabilities, and is environmental benign [15,16]. The composite of graphene-PPy is envisaged to be the next-generation energy harvester [17].…”