Evaluation of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl) Carbodiimide Cross-Linked Collagen Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration in Beagle Dogs

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bone regeneration efficacy of an 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-cross-linked collagen membrane for guided bone regeneration (GBR). A non-cross-linked collagen membrane (Control group), and an EDC-cross-linked collagen membrane (Test group) were used in this study. In vitro, mechanical, and degradation testing and cell studies were performed. In the animal study, 36 artificial bone defects were formed in the mandibles of six beagles. Implants were inserted at the time of bone grafting, and membranes were assigned randomly. Eight weeks later, animals were sacrificed, micro-computed tomography was performed, and hematoxylin-eosin stained specimens were prepared. Physical properties (tensile strength and enzymatic degradation rate) were better in the Test group than in the Control group. No inflammation or membrane collapse was observed in either group, and bone volumes (%) in defects around implants were similar in the two groups (p > 0.05). The results of new bone areas (%) analysis also showed similar values in the two groups (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that cross-linking the collagen membranes with EDC is the method of enhancing the physical properties (tensile strength and enzymatic degradation) of the collagen membranes without risk of toxicity.

Barrier Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR): A Focus on Recent Advances in Collagen Membranes

“…All residues of this method are water-soluble and therefore can be easily washed out from the material by distilled water after crosslinking [ 120 ]. DHT/EDC crosslinked collagen membranes exhibit good enzyme resistance, mechanical properties, and excellent peripheral tissue integration compared to commercially available noncrosslinked collagen membranes (Bio-Gide ® ) in a rat subcutaneous model [ 119 , 121 ]. The bone regeneration ability of EDC/NHS crosslinked membranes has also been demonstrated both in the Beagle mandible model and the rabbit calvaria defects model [ 121 ].…”

“…DHT/EDC crosslinked collagen membranes exhibit good enzyme resistance, mechanical properties, and excellent peripheral tissue integration compared to commercially available noncrosslinked collagen membranes (Bio-Gide ® ) in a rat subcutaneous model [ 119 , 121 ]. The bone regeneration ability of EDC/NHS crosslinked membranes has also been demonstrated both in the Beagle mandible model and the rabbit calvaria defects model [ 121 ]. However, recent studies on the interaction properties of EDC/NHS-modified collagen with cells show that both the affinity and pattern of cellular interactions are modulated by carbodiimide treatment.…”

A comparative in vitro and in vivo study of porcine‐ and bovine‐derived non‐cross‐linked collagen membranes

“…However, pure collagen membranes (non‐cross‐linked) have lower compressive strength and easily collapse into bone defects, thus impairing the GBR procedure. Cross‐linking methods have been developed to strengthen the collagen membrane to decelerate the degradation speed, such as dehydrothermal treatment 21,22,23 . The combination of non‐cross‐linked collagen membranes and bone substitute grafts is another solution in most clinical settings 24,25 .…”

“…Cross-linking methods have been developed to strengthen the collagen membrane to decelerate the degradation speed, such as dehydrothermal treatment. 21,22,23 The combination of non-cross-linked collagen membranes and bone substitute grafts is another solution in most clinical settings. 24,25 However, non-crosslinked collagen membranes from different species and manufacturing methods also differ in biophysical properties and degradation patterns, which could affect the GBR process.…”

Recent advances in biofunctional guided bone regeneration materials for repairing defective alveolar and maxillofacial bone: A review

“…Friedmann et al prepared ribose-crosslinked collagen membranes, which resulted in sufficient bone volume for implant placement for repairing extraction sockets with or without alveolar ridge resorption [22] . In addition, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) was applied as a crosslinking agent to obtain crosslinked collagen membranes [23] . Compared to non-crosslinked collagen membranes, crosslinked collagen membranes have higher tensile strength and more appropriate mechanical properties, enabling membranes to survive in vivo and to supply the stress needed to encourage early tissues to differentiate into pre-osteoblasts.…”