The porcine-derived non-cross-linked collagen membrane Bio-gide ® (BG) and the bovine-derived non-cross-linked collagen membrane Heal-all ® (HA) were compared to better understand their in vitro biophysical characteristics and in vivo degradation patterns as a reference for clinical applications. It was showed that the porosity, specific surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of BG were larger than those of HA (64.5 ± 5.2% vs. 48.6 ± 6.1%; 18.6 ± 2.8 m 2 /g vs. 2.3 ± 0.6 m 2 /g; 0.114 ± 0.002 cm 3 /g vs. 0.003 ± 0.001 cm 3 /g; 24.4 ± 3.5 nm vs. 7.3 ± 1.7 nm, respectively); the average swelling ratio of BG was higher than that of HA (412.6 ± 41.2% vs. 270.0 ± 2.7%); the tensile strength of both dry and wet HA was higher than those of BG (18.26 ± 3.27 MPa vs. 4.02 ± 1.35 MPa; 2.24 ± 0.21 MPa vs. 0.16 ± 0.02 MPa, respectively); 73% of HA remained after 72 h in collagenase solution, whereas only 8.2% of BG remained. A subcutaneous rat implantation model revealed that, at 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days postmembrane implantation, there were more total inflammatory cells, especially more M1 and M2 polarized macrophages and higher M2/M1 ratio in BG than in HA; in addition, the fibrous capsule around BG was also thicker than that around HA. Moreover, concentrations of dozens of cytokines including interleukin-2(IL-2), IL-7, IL-10 and so forth. in BG were higher than those in HA. It is suggested that BG and HA might be suitable for different clinical applications according to their different characteristics.

Background Early prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can reduce the incidence of not only GDM, but also adverse perinatal pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, it is of great significance to prevent or reduce the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Mobile health (mHealth) apps can help pregnant women effectively prevent GDM by providing risk prediction, lifestyle support, peer support, professional support, and other functions. Before designing mHealth apps, developers must understand the views and needs of pregnant women, and closely combine users’ needs to develop app functions, in order to better improve user experience and increase the usage rate of these apps in the future. Objective The objective of this study was to understand the views of the high-risk population of gestational diabetes mellitus on the development of mobile health apps and the demand for app functions, so as to provide a basis for the development of gestational diabetes mellitus prevention apps. Methods Fifteen pregnant women with at least one risk factor for gestational diabetes were recruited from July to September 2021, and were interviewed via a semistructured interview using the purpose sampling method. The transcribed data were analyzed by the traditional content analysis method, and themes were extracted. Results Respondents wanted to develop user-friendly and fully functional mobile apps for the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus. Pregnant women's requirements for app function development include: personalized customization, accurate information support, interactive design, practical tool support, visual presentation, convenient professional support, peer support, reasonable reminder function, appropriate maternal and infant auxiliary function, and differentiated incentive function.These function settings can encourage pregnant women to improve or maintain healthy living habits during their use of the app Conclusions This study discusses the functional requirements of target users for gestational diabetes mellitus prevention apps, which can provide reference for the development of future applications.

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Background Using Diabetes-related Apps can effectively reduce the patients’ level of glucose and rehospitalization rate. However, due to the serious homogeneity of diabetes apps content and uneven function quality, medical staffs and patients do not know how to choose. This study aimed to understand the development status of diabetes health management Apps, analyze their functions and characteristics, and provide recommendations for further improvement or development of diabetes-related Apps. Methods In May 2022, diabetes-related apps were screened in ten major App markets, including Android and iOS system by using the keywords either Chinese or English.Then, we searched the literature to supplement the APP.The apps that met the criteria were downloaded and their functions and characteristics were analyzed. Silberg scale was used to assess their information accountability. Results 105 diabetes-related apps were included, including 69 Chinese apps and 36 English apps. Almost all (97.8%) of which were developed by companies and commercial teams. Most of the apps (96.2%) were targeted at people with diabetes, and only 3.8% were for type 1 and gestational diabetes. The total mean score of Silberg scale was 3.60 ± 0.81. Among 28 functions, individual customized function and social support function are rare. Conclusion Nowadays, the overall accountability quality of diabetes-related apps is low. The functions are insufficient, and the individual customized functions need to be further explored. In the future, it should be strengthen the diversity and individualization of diabetes-related apps, and encourage medical staffs and patients to participate in the designment and development of Apps.