Evacuation performance of individuals in different visibility conditions

A multi-grid model for pedestrian evacuation in a room without visibility

“…In the previous research [43][44][45], the trajectories from the experiment and model were only qualitatively compared, which is not enough to validate the model. In this paper, besides the qualitative method, a quantitative way is used to analyze the trajectories from the experiment and model.…”

“…Kobes et al [42] studied the way finding during fire evacuation from an analysis of unannounced fire drills in a hotel at night. Jeon et al [43] analyzed human behavior characteristics and evacuation performance change through the experiments under evacuation environment where smoke influenced visibility. Nguyen et al [44] presented an agent-based evacuation model with smoke effect, and the simulation results were confirmed by the metro supermarket.…”

A new 3D indoor/outdoor spatial model for indoor emergency response facilitation

“…Furthermore, due to slower walking speed and unavailability of elevators in emergency situations and also uncertainty of paths, indoor navigation is much slower than outdoor navigation. In addition, smoke distribution is an inevitable event that occurs in many disaster incidents and results in decreased movement speed and increased travelled distances [7]. Such visual distractions combined with blocked areas and inaccessible spaces inside structures all increase the probability of rerouting inside structures which decreases emergency response speed.…”

Experiment and modeling of paired effect on evacuation from a three-dimensional space

“…Song et al [23] constructed a new cellular automata model by adding frictional force and repulsive force to classical cellular automata model through considering the interactive force among pedestrians and between pedestrian and environment. Moreover, factors such as pedestrians' vision [24,25], panic degree [26][27][28], game [29] and disaster factors [30] are introduced to the evacuation model to study pedestrian flow characteristics and evacuation efficiency. However, the presented cellular automata evacuation models are mainly studied in terms of the two-dimensional platform, ignoring stair factors in actual evacuation environment, which may result in error of simulation in evacuation process.…”