“…Yet, it is unlikely that it was the case for most HSS programs in our study, given the nature of most research in HSS studies, which encompass human behavior, agency, mindsets, social and cultural processes, among other phenomena. Instead, this result is aligned with the status of human-subject research in HSS in Brazil, in which the ethical framework has not been traditionally relying on the ethics review by the CEP/CONEP System (Mainardes, 2014;Duarte, 2015;Alves & Teixeira, 2020). This observation echoes results shown in Figure 3.…”