Establishment of Soft Tissue Norms for the North Indian Population Based on Laymen Perception

Abstract

In this study we aimed to determine the soft tissue norms for the North Indian population based on the laymen perception of facial esthetics and to test the hypothesis that there are racial differences in cephalometric measurement between North Indians and White Americans norms. Two sets (Facial frontal and profile photographs) of 170 standardized facial photographs (76 males and 94 females in the age group of 18-28 years) were taken. A panel of judges which consisted of 20 laymen evaluated the photographs on the visual analogue scale to select a sample of 120 subjects (60 males and 60 females), which included individuals with esthetically pleasing appearance. Digital lateral cephalograms were made and anatomic landmarks were identified directly on the digital images. Seventeen soft tissue variables taken from Subtenley's, Holdaway's, Ricketts and Legan's analysis were calculated electronically using the Dolphin (version 9) software package. Most measurements were similar to the white American norms, some differences were noticed in nasal prominence, basic upper lip thickness, and 'H' angle measurements. The independent-sample t test was used to compare the measurement differences of the North Indian men and women. North Indian males have relatively prominent and thicker upper lip, and increased basic upper lip thickness than the females. Lower lip was found to be more protrusive in females than in males.

The Esthetic Difference of Chinese Beauty Evaluated by Two Different Human Races Based on Three-Dimensional Average Face Analysis

“…According to Arnett soft tissue analysis by Shikha Singh 37 , Indians have thicker upper lip and a less nasolabial angle than Caucasians; both males and females have more convex profile than Caucasians, which was in agreement with the result of Ankur Gupta. 27 Combined with previous studies, Indians evaluators in our study seemed to be apt to the appearance resemble to themselves. However, few studies have probed into the regularity in the relationship between individuals' own facial characters and their preferred facial traits.…”

“…From the map analysis and linear measurements between genders in our study, attractive males tend to own a wider, longer face but a narrower zygomatic zone along with a mild thicker upper and lower lip and a more protrusive nose and chin than females, which is in accordance with the result of Ankur Gupta. 27 Accounting to Vijayalakshmi S, abundant subcutaneous fat in cheek region may explain why females had a thicker soft tissue depth in this region. 28 In their experiment about soft tissue thickness in Xinjiang's Han population, Jierui Wang also found that at each measurement point, male has thicker soft tissue than female except for the zygomatic area.…”

Facial profile esthetic preferences: perception in two Brazilian states

“…Facial profile harmony and balance can be measured, and representative values of a standard profile can be reached. 4 - 10 However, it is well known that this standard can vary as a result of interracial marriages 2 and that orthodontic treatment should take into account individual and racial 11 - 15 characteristics, as well as the individual's personal concept of beauty.…”

Photogrammetric Analysis of Attractiveness in Indian Faces

“…However, although this research possesses certain limitations, we consider this study to be valuable, as it is the first photogrammetric study of the Indian population. Finally, since India is a very large territory populated by many different regional and ethnic groups with varying facial appearances in the northern, southern, and central regions [ 23 ], our prototypes of facial attractiveness are not necessarily representative of all attractive Indian faces. For such a large population, we know that area-specific facial characteristics must also be considered.…”