Photogrammetric Analysis of Attractiveness in Indian Faces

Abstract

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to assess the attractive facial features of the Indian population. We tried to evaluate subjective ratings of facial attractiveness and identify which facial aesthetic subunits were important for facial attractiveness.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted of 150 samples (referred to as candidates). Frontal photographs were analyzed. An orthodontist, a prosthodontist, an oral surgeon, a dentist, an artist, a photographer and two laymen (estimators) subjectively evaluated candidates' faces using visual analog scale (VAS) scores. As an objective method for facial analysis, we used balanced angular proportional analysis (BAPA). Using SAS 10.1 (SAS Institute Inc.), the Turkey's studentized range test and Pearson correlation analysis were performed to detect between-group differences in VAS scores (Experiment 1), to identify correlations between VAS scores and BAPA scores (Experiment 2), and to analyze the characteristic features of facial attractiveness and gender differences (Experiment 3); the significance level was set at P=0.05.ResultsExperiment 1 revealed some differences in VAS scores according to professional characteristics. In Experiment 2, BAPA scores were found to behave similarly to subjective ratings of facial beauty, but showed a relatively weak correlation coefficient with the VAS scores. Experiment 3 found that the decisive factors for facial attractiveness were different for men and women. Composite images of attractive Indian male and female faces were constructed.ConclusionsOur photogrammetric study, statistical analysis, and average composite faces of an Indian population provide valuable information about subjective perceptions of facial beauty and attractive facial structures in the Indian population.

What Do We Find Attractive about the Face?: Survey Study with Application to Aesthetic Surgery

“…A very narrow face in males and a narrow face in females (average facial index value 96.02 and 91.62, respectively) were most often evaluated with high marks in our study. With the average facial index value of 98.33 in males and 94.81 in females, very narrow and narrow faces were also rated higher in a study based on an Indian population (Duggal et al, ). By the same selection of the most attractive shapes of face, the participants of the Serbian and Indian populations show that for some facial characteristics, there might be universal traits of beauty.…”

“…By analyzing the nasal index of the highest rated noses, we found that the nose with a medium width was the most desirable for both sexes, with an average nasal index value of 71.74 in males and 72.69 in females. Examination of the dimensions of the nose in perceived attractive individuals was performed in India (Duggal et al, ). This study found that wider noses in both sexes were the most desirable, with an average nasal index of 98.18 in males and 98.10 in females.…”

“…The subjects in the second group evaluated the appearance of the most important facial parts of the subjects from the first group in a specially designed testing protocol, with the standardized Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (Aitken, ). The VAS is mostly used to test the intensity of pain in patients, but it can also be used to evaluate the appearance of parts of the face (Duggal et al, ). The protocol contains six VAS, numbered from 1 to 10 (1, I do not like it at all; 10, I like it completely).…”

Assessment of facial harmony among Caucasian Spaniards 18 to 60 years of age and its relationship with the golden ratio

“…- The first and the second questions lead us to think, just like Perret did (20), that not everyone has the same criteria for the same picture, but if we add the statements "very good looking", "good looking" and "normal", the resulting "normality" interval stands for 90.07% of the answers, which is why we can state that, like Duggal (2016) (6), that there is a "facial normality".…”

Photogrammetric reliability of frontal facial photographs with radiographs and anthropometric measurements

“…This was contrary to findings of other studies conducted on Indian population for lateral cephalograms. [22][23][24] Although photographs assume equal importance as essential diagnostic aids, radiographic or anthropometric analysis cannot be replaced with photographs.…”