Background and aims. To compare pain levels experienced during initial alignment with three different orthodontic appliance types and to correlate pain with male and female differences, if any. Methods. A prospective, randomized 3- arm parallel trial allocated 36 adult orthodontic patients into three appliance groups: MBT 0.022” slot (Mini Twin, Ormco, Glendora, USA), self ligating 0.022" slot Damon 3MX (Ormco, Glendora, USA) and clear aligners (Smile align, Mumbai, India). The level of discomfort was assessed through a questionnaire based on the visual analogue scale at four hours, twenty four hours, third and seventh day after appliance placement. Results. Patients treated with clear aligners reported less pain than patients treated with conventional and self ligating fixed appliances. Patients treated with MBT conventional appliances showed greater pain levels than Damon appliances. A significantly higher visual analogue scale score was observed at 24 hours and the least visual analogue scale scores on the seventh day post appliance placement. Conclusion. During the first week of orthodontic treatment, patients treated with clear aligners reported lower pain than those treated with conventional and self-ligating appliances.

Introduction: Photogrammetry is a science of making measure ments from photographs. As cephalometric analysis till date has focused mainly on skeletal relationships, photogrammetry may provide a means to reliably assess and compare soft tissue and hard tissue measurements.

To evaluate relationships between frontal cephalograms and photographic measurements of Indian population with anthropometric measurements and if frontal photographic analysis could be utilized with precision for orthodontic diagnosis. Material and methods: A cross-sectional ex vivo study was conducted on 300 subjects with age range of 18-25yrs. Standardized frontal cephalograms and photographs were obtained for all subjects and were analysed with Nemoceph 10.4.2 (Nemotec Dental Systems, Madrid, Spain) software program. Linear anthropometric measurements were recorded with the help of a digital Vernier caliper. 21 linear measurements were made, of which 10 were horizontal and 11 were vertical. Repeated measures of ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's Post hoc Analysis was used to compare mean values of horizontal and vertical parameters between 3 different methods. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Statistically significant differences were found with most parameters. Between the analogous photographic, cephalometric and anthropometric measurements, only N′-Me' showed reliability with all three methods (p = 0.53,0.53,0.53). Conclusion: The photographic method has proven to be a repeatable and reproducible tool for only few parameters. Therefore, it cannot be considered a reliable diagnostic tool.

Rapid technological advancements in the orthodontic field in recent years have enabled clinicians to treat an increasing number of patients using non extraction approaches. Self ligating brackets are becoming increasingly popular as they enable rapid movement of teeth with lateral arch development negating the need to extract teeth. Two Class I malocclusion patients presenting with moderate to severe anterior crowding were treated non-extraction with self ligating fixed appliances. The cases presented illustrate the versatility of self ligating brackets in management of malocclusions with extensive transverse and sagittal components. A review of literature discussing the changing paradigms from extraction to non extraction and use of self ligation is highlighted.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) transmissions are arising as important modulation techniques because of its robustness against interference. Various modulation schemes have been used to implement OFDM. In this paper, the OFDM transceiver system is implemented using MATLAB. Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying modulation technique has been implemented in the proposed OFDM. The bit error rate (BER) performance has been evaluated in AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel and is compared to Quadrature Phase Shift Keying modulation scheme. General TermsBit error rate, Matlab, Additive White Gaussian Noise.