The Esthetic Difference of Chinese Beauty Evaluated by Two Different Human Races Based on Three-Dimensional Average Face Analysis

Abstract

The aim of this study was to establish a new method of facial soft tissue analysis based on 3dMDface system and to find the different esthetic preferences of Chinese beauties from the Chinese and Indian evaluators perspective. Methods: Three-dimensional facial images of 242 females and 168 males were evaluated and ranked by 8 Chinese and nine Indians using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS). Total 120 subjects in 2 panels (from Chinese perspective and Indian perspective) including 30 male and 30 female faces with top 30 scores were analyzed with the ''average face'' method respectively. Then 17 linear measurements, 13 curve measurements and 14 ratios of 4 average faces were calculated and compared with the divine proportion. Results: Distinct differences were founded based on the average face analysis. Similar total facial types were preferred by both Chinese and Indian evaluators, while Indian evaluators preferred a wider male face with a protrusive lower lip. Delicate noses with lower nose ridge but protrusive lower lips in females were more acceptable by Indian evaluators. The differences of linear measurements were limited in 2.0 mm except the facial width, lower facial width, upper facial height and forehead height while curve measurements differ distinctly as the table shows. No ratios equal to the divine proportion were founded. Conclusion: The 3D Average face based on stereophotogrammetry is a feasible method to analyze the facial characters and discrepancy of esthetic preferences. Chinese and Indian evaluators have some certain differences when judging beauties. Attractive faces have some certain ratios but not the divine proportion.

Facial soft tissue norms in Caucasians using an innovative three-dimensional approach

“…50 A recent 3D study confirmed these earlier 2D preferences within an Asian population. 16 In the present study, the individual perception of 3D profile variation rated by orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons, plastic surgeons, dentists and laypeople was measured. A 3D average face was generated from a group of Class I profiles, young adult, males and females.…”

“…43,[53][54][55][56] Further, the majority of studies considering facial attractiveness tended not to involve raters from different professional backgrounds. 16,[57][58][59][60] Additionally, a standard method to define and rate facial attractiveness has not been used across studies, although it has been recommended that a standardised approach towards facial type acquisition, raters panel and validated outcome measures be used. 61 The influence of occupation and socioeconomic status on the perception of facial attractiveness remains unclear.…”

“…Various indices and 'norms' based on individual ethnicity have been established as tools to assist clinicians and patients in realising the overall success of any aesthetically-driven treatment. 2,3,[13][14][15][16] In treatment involving combined surgery and orthodontics, clinicians often use averages or 'norms' based on aesthetic judgements to establish treatment Anand Ponnusamy: dranand85@gmail.com; Mithran S. Goonewardene: mithran.goonewardene@uwa.edu.au; Ajmal Mian: ajmal.mian@uwa.edu.au; Peter Eastwood: peter.eastwood@uwa.edu.au; Alethea Rea: alethea.rea@uwa.edu.au Syed Islam: syed.islam@ecu.edu.au PONNUSAMY, GOONEWARDENE, MIAN, EASTWOOD, REA AND ISLAM goals; 17 however, many norms have been based on two-dimensional imaging techniques, 18 despite the face being a three-dimensional (3D) structure.…”

Accuracy of individualized 3D modeling of ossicles using high-resolution computed tomography imaging data

“…Based on the present study, surgery simulations can be carried out using the CAD module by inputting the ossicles' HRCT data with lesions or defects (14). Either mirror imaging or the use of the normal ossicular morphology as a standard can then be employed for the virtual realization of the anatomical repair of the defective malleus, incus, or even stapes (15)(16)(17)(18). The application of suitable ossicular prosthesis materials in TDP rapid prototyping for the accurate repair of the ossicles is expected to change conventional ossicular reconstruction's current status, making it less time-consuming and effort-intensive, and more accurate.…”

Correlation of lip profile preferences in Pakistani population; and its comparison with orthodontic norms

“…A study 21 The most important aspect of the current study is its uniqueness in the Pakistani dental literature since, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first study establishing the opinion of Pakistani population regarding lip profile preference specifically. The small sample size and less heterogeneity of the sample are limitations of the current study.…”