Environmental costs of political instability in Pakistan: policy options for clean energy consumption and environment

Abstract

Using time-series data of Pakistan from 1990 to 2019, this study explores the asymmetric effects of political instability on clean energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The results from the traditional ARDL model show that political stability lessens environmental damage by reducing CO2 emissions in the long run. However, when we used the nonlinear ARDL approach we found that political instability reduces the consumption of clean energy but also leads to damage environmental quality in long run in Pakistan. While political stability increases the consumption of clean energy but also helps to improve environmental quality in the short run in Pakistan. Thus, macroeconomic policies to promote expansion in clean energy consumption will directly stimulate green economic growth and environmental quality.

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“…For example, for the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) countries, Sun et al ( 2022 ) find that it is possible to reduce carbon dioxide emissions if biomass energy is increased in production processes. Sohail et al ( 2022 ) show evidence that political stability increases clean energy consumption in Pakistan and contributes to improving environmental quality in the short term. Similarly, Sun et al ( 2021b ) examine the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and technical advances (investment in research and development) and find that technological innovations had a negative impact on carbon dioxide emissions in the USA between 1980 and 2018.…”

“…Similarly, Sun et al ( 2021b ) examine the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and technical advances (investment in research and development) and find that technological innovations had a negative impact on carbon dioxide emissions in the USA between 1980 and 2018. Sohail et al ( 2022 ) explore the asymmetric effects of political instability on clean energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. Their results from the ARDL model show that political stability decreases damage, while with the nonlinear approach, they find that political instability not only reduces clean energy consumption but also damages environmental quality.…”

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“…The water used for agriculture is also applied to other uses in many countries; it provides nutrients that increase crop yields without using fertilizer, but it also contains organic compounds and heavy metals that can harm the environment, human health, and agricultural productivity, which must be taken into consideration when deciding what means to use in disposing of wastewater (Mahfooz et al, 2019;Sohail et al, 2019;Sohail et al, 2020). Canal water and wastewater are commonly used by agricultural communities, and wastewater is thought to have beneficial effects on crops (Yamin et al, 2015;Sohail et al, 2022b). Unsuitable wastewater can harm crops, soil, vegetables, and the environment, as well as human health (Hassan et al, 2013;Ullah et al, 2013;Lan et al, 2022).…”

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