Enhanced mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties by combining graphene nanosheets and metal hydroxide nanorods for Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene copolymer composite

Synergic enhancement of thermal properties of polymer composites by graphene foam and carbon black

“…On the whole, all materials have the similar curves despite of different magnitudes. In the glassy region, the incorporation of GF into PDMS generated a noticeable increase of about 37.1% in E 0 at À139 C. In the study by Hong et al [37], graphene nanosheets were used to reinforce acrylonitrileebutadieneestyrene (ABS) copolymer composites, the E 0 was increased 28.7% at loading of 2 wt% graphene nanosheets. Furthermore, E 0 could not be improved significantly by incorporating functionalized graphene sheet (FGS) into polyurethane (PU) at À80 C [38].…”

Graphene-based flame retardants: a review

“…Metals or metal derivative-based nanomaterials include metal oxides, metal hydroxides and other metallic compounds, such as Co 3 O 4 [106], SnO 2 [107], Ce-MnO 2 [108], TiO 2 [109,110], CuO [111], NiO [106], [114], NiCe x O y [115], ZrO 2 [116], Ni(OH) 2 [116], MnCo 2 O 4 [38], FeOOH [117], AlOOH [118], NiAl-LDH [119] (LDH represents to layered double hydroxide), NiFe-LDH [120], Co(OH) 2 [121], ZnS [122], ZnCO 3 [123], MoS 2 [124], Al(H 2 PO 2 ) 3 [125], ferrocene (Fc) [126], zirconium organophosphate [127], nano-Sb 2 O 3 [128] and zinc hydroxystannate [129,130]. They can also be classified into zero-dimensional nanoparticles, onedimensional nanowires/nanorods/nanotubes and two-dimensional nanoplates/nanobelts.…”

“…They can form three-dimensional nano-hybrid networks that enhance the interaction between flame retardant fillers and polymeric matrices. Hong et al [121], using three kinds of metal hydroxide nanorods (MHR) combined with GNS as the fillers, prepared acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) copolymer composites and studied their mechanical, thermal and flame retardant effects. They found that the as-prepared ABS copolymer composites exhibit good mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties, which is attributed to the good dispersion of the fillers in the polymeric matrices and the formation of a 3D network structure, and the catalytic action of MHR.…”

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

“…Moreover, but reducing the volatile evolution, the amount of toxic effluent is reduced, and for a given ventilation rate, the ventilation condition becomes more well-ventilated, also reducing the toxicity. Char formation has been enhanced in polyethylene, using functionalised graphene oxide [87]; in PMMA using graphene oxide and a nickel-aluminium layered double hydroxide [88]; in ABS copolymer, with graphene nanosheets combined with a metal hydroxide [89]; in polyamide 6 using graphene supported cobalt oxide and nickel oxide [90]; and in epoxy resins using silica, attached to cobalt-aluminium layered double hydroxide spheres [91]. Enhancement of the barriers can be achieved in intumescent systems, where gas is released within the molten polymer, causing significant swelling, and so increasing the effectiveness of the thermal barrier [92], for example in polyethylene [93], polypropylene [94] and polystyrene [95].…”