Enhanced EV and ICE vehicle energy efficiency through drive cycle synchronisation of deferred auxiliary loads

Abstract

. The configuration maintained comfortable cabin conditions (temperature and humidity) similar to driving with a standard AC system configuration. In vehicles with an interconnected automatic AC and engine management system data-bus, this efficiency improvement may require a software update only. IntroductionLimited vehicle driving range, recharge infrastructure, and energy policy hinders electric vehicles (EVs) as a mainstream road transportation technology

Limitations of testing standards for battery electric vehicles: accessories, energy usage, and range

“…Road testing of BEVs is notoriously challenging to determine actual performance and efficiency due to a range of environmental (wind, rain, temperature, topography, and geography) and driver influences (style, time of use, number of passengers, accessory use etc.) [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Additionally, when batteries in BEVs provide both propulsion and auxiliary power (operating brake booster vacuum pumps, power steering, navigation, computers, stereos, and in particular A/C and heating systems) this may contribute to considerable additional energy consumption and a corresponding reduction in driving range [21,23,24,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

“…[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Additionally, when batteries in BEVs provide both propulsion and auxiliary power (operating brake booster vacuum pumps, power steering, navigation, computers, stereos, and in particular A/C and heating systems) this may contribute to considerable additional energy consumption and a corresponding reduction in driving range [21,23,24,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. As thermal comfort is a subjective individual concept dependent on external and internal vehicular environmental conditions on the whole body and individual body parts, and metabolic heat fluctuations [34], it is challenging to include into testing in a detailed manner.…”

Performance evaluation of regenerative braking systems

“…continuous driving without braking renders even an efficient RBS ineffective at improving system efficiency, performance and range. 20,31,[38][39][40] In another example, the design and performance of an electro-mechanical RBS integrated with an ABS on an electric bus, was investigated by Zhang et al 41 The testing was conducted according to the Chinese Urban Bus Drive Cycle and the efficiency of regeneration from real road braking was considerable 2 up to 66% depending on the RBS design.…”

“…The EV battery and its SOC also limit the RBS energy conversion efficiency, as many battery technologies are sensitive to high amperages and overcharging, 37 and a fully charged battery is unable to store additional electrical energy. 38,39 The driving pattern or drive cycle can also affect the utility of an RBS, as e.g. continuous driving without braking renders even an efficient RBS ineffective at improving system efficiency, performance and range.…”