Energy efficient line-of-sight millimeter wave small cell backhaul: 60, 70, 80 or 140 GHz?

Abstract

Abstract-Spectrum scarcity together with high capacity demands make the use of millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies an interesting alternative for next generation, i.e., fifth generation (5G), networks. Although mmWave is expected to play a key role for both access network and backhaul (BH), its initial use in the BH network seems more straight-forward. This stems from the fact that, in the BH case, its deployment is less challenging due to the fixed locations of BH transceivers. Still, provided that mmWave spectrum consists of several subbands, each one with different characteristics and thus different deployment constraints (e.g., channel bandwidth, maximum transmission power), a comparison is required in order to gain a better insight into the potentials of each solution. To that end, in this paper, the main mmWave candidate frequency bands are compared in terms of range, throughput and energy consumption. In our results, the bandwidth availability, the maximum transmission power as well as the antenna gains of each BH technology are taken into account, as defined by the Federal Communications Commission. The results are also compared with current industry-oriented state-of-the-art transceiver characteristics in order to gain further insights into the maximum achievable gains of each subband.

Low‐complexity networking based on joint energy efficiency in ultradense mmWave backhaul networks

“…The AN is carried by microwave below 6 GHz, and the BN is carried by mmWave at 60 GHz (V‐band). V‐band mmWave is adopted in this paper to model a noise‐limited backhaul system that is free of cochannel interference . Assume that a total of B a bandwidth is available in the AN and a total of B b bandwidth is available for mmWave transmission, where B a is equally split into N orthogonal resource blocks (RBs) allocated to UEs.…”

“…According to the work of Mesodiakaki et al, 17 the atmospheric attenuation of 60-GHz mmWave at a distance of 100 m is around 1 dB with total air pressure P h = 1013.25 hPa, temperature T = 25 • C, and water vapor concentration • = 7.5 g/m 3 . Other distance-dependent atmospheric attenuations are estimated in Table 2.…”

“…Since mmWave transmission is severely affected by atmospheric attenuation, the total path loss consists of free‐space path loss PL free(dB) and atmospheric path loss PL d (dB) , where vapor water, oxygen, and rain effects are considered as According to the work of Mesodiakaki et al, the atmospheric attenuation of 60‐GHz mmWave at a distance of 100 m is around 1 dB with total air pressure P h = 1013.25 hPa, temperature T = 25 ∘ C, and water vapor concentration ρ ∘ = 7.5 g/m 3 . Other distance‐dependent atmospheric attenuations are estimated in Table .…”

“…V-band mmWave is adopted in this paper to model a noise-limited backhaul system that is free of cochannel interference. 17 Assume that a total of B a bandwidth is available in the AN and a total of B b bandwidth is available for mmWave transmission, where B a is equally split into N orthogonal resource blocks (RBs) allocated to UEs. We assume that multiple RBs can be allocated to one UE to satisfy the specific QoS requirement.…”

“…Therefore, novel methods dedicated to 5G Backhaul are urgently needed.In the following, we first summarize the currently available wireless backhaul technologies in Table 1. 13,17 In the work of Jaber et al, 13 the authors reviewed the history of the BN in a cellular system. The hierarchical and distributed fronthaul/midhaul/backhaul architecture is introduced in the popular C-RAN.…”