Emerging frontiers in human milk microbiome research and suggested primers for 16S rRNA gene analysis

Leyva, Lilian Lopez; Brereton, Nicholas J. B.; Koski, Kristine G.

doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.057

Cited by 21 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…The sequencing of 16s rRNA gene amplicons has been a very popular approach to assess microbial communities in breastmilk in the last decades [ 37 ]. Human milk is a low microbial load sample, so precautions to avoid contamination and primer selection are crucial factors in this culture-independent technique.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Diversity of Breast Milk in Healthy Spanish Women: Evolution from Birth to Five Years Postpartum

et al. 2021

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The objective of this work was to characterize the microbiota of breast milk in healthy Spanish mothers and to investigate the effects of lactation time on its diversity. A total of ninety-nine human milk samples were collected from healthy Spanish women and were assessed by means of next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons and by qPCR. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Accordingly, Streptococcus was the most abundant genus. Lactation time showed a strong influence in milk microbiota, positively correlating with Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, while Firmicutes was relatively constant over lactation. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that the highest alpha-diversity was found in samples of prolonged lactation, along with wider differences between individuals. As for milk nutrients, calcium, magnesium, and selenium levels were potentially associated with Streptococcus and Staphylococcus abundance. Additionally, Proteobacteria was positively correlated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in breast milk, and Staphylococcus with conjugated linoleic acid. Conversely, Streptococcus and trans-palmitoleic acid showed a negative association. Other factors such as maternal body mass index or diet also showed an influence on the structure of these microbial communities. Overall, human milk in Spanish mothers appeared to be a complex niche shaped by host factors and by its own nutrients, increasing in diversity over time.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Diversity of Breast Milk in Healthy Spanish Women: Evolution from Birth to Five Years Postpartum

et al. 2021

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“…For a long time, human milk has been thought to be sterile, but recent studies have demonstrated that it is a rich source of microbes, that have the potential to influence a child’s health. Currently, the retrograde flow and the entero-mammary pathway are accepted as the two primary sources of origin of milk microbiota [ 1 ]. The former is the consequence of transmission of microbes from the infant’s oral cavity into the mammary duct during suckling [ 1 ], while the latter results from the translocation of maternal gut bacteria through the intestinal epithelial barrier to reach the mammary gland via the lymphatic circulation [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several factors can influence the composition of the human milk microbiota (HMM), including the stage of lactation, maternal body mass index (BMI), age and diet [ 1 ], parity, geographical location, socioeconomic status, use of antibiotics or probiotics during pregnancy, and type of delivery [ 1 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of Human Breast Milk Microbiota and Its Role in Children’s Health

Notarbartolo

Giuffrè

Montante

et al. 2022

Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr

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Human milk contains a number of nutritional and bioactive molecules including microorganisms that constitute the so-called “Human Milk Microbiota (HMM)”. Recent studies have shown that not only bacterial but also viral, fungal, and archaeal components are present in the HMM. Previous research has established, a “core” microbiome, consisting of Firmicutes (i.e., Streptococcus , Staphylococcus ), Proteobacteria (i.e., Serratia , Pseudomonas , Ralstonia , Sphingomonas , Bradyrhizobium ), and Actinobacteria (i.e., Propionibacterium , Corynebacterium ). This review aims to summarize the main characteristics of HMM and the role it plays in shaping a child’s health. We reviewed the most recent literature on the topic (2019-2021), using the PubMed database. The main sources of HMM origin were identified as the retrograde flow and the entero-mammary pathway. Several factors can influence its composition, such as maternal body mass index and diet, use of antibiotics, time and type of delivery, and mode of breastfeeding. The COVID-19 pandemic, by altering the mother-infant dyad and modifying many of our previous habits, has emerged as a new risk factor for the modification of HMM. HMM is an important contributor to gastrointestinal colonization in children and therefore, it is fundamental to avoid any form of perturbation in the HMM that can alter the microbial equilibrium, especially in the first 100 days of life. Microbial dysbiosis can be a trigger point for the development of necrotizing enterocolitis, especially in preterm infants, and for onset of chronic diseases, such as asthma and obesity, later in life.

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“…In Masi’s study [ 16 ], metagenomic sequencing was performed, and in other research work, the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) served as a technique for the analysis of bifidobacterial species [ 31 ]. The sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons has been a very popular approach to assess microbial communities in feces and other human matrices in the last decades [ 32 , 33 ]. Human feces are high microbial load samples, and both sample processing and primer selection largely impact 16S gene-based profiling results [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the literature indicates that bifidobacteria are often neglected by several common primer pairs [ 36 ]. For example, common primers targeting the V1 region have usually poor coverage of Bifidobacterium , while those targeting V4 will likely cover Bifidobacterium but not Cutibacterium [ 33 ]. To overcome these discrepancies and avoid biases, a careful selection of DNA extraction protocol and primer pairs is highly recommended.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) and Infant Microbiota: A Scoping Review

Sánchez

Fente

Regal

et al. 2021

Foods

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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component of breast milk. However, the newborn cannot assimilate them as nutrients. They are recognized prebiotic agents (the first in the newborn diet) that stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms, mainly the genus Bifidobacterium, dominant in the gut of breastfed infants. The structures of the oligosaccharides vary mainly according to maternal genetics, but also other maternal factors such as parity and mode of delivery, age, diet, and nutritional status or even geographic location and seasonality cause different breast milk oligosaccharides profiles. Differences in the profiles of HMO have been linked to breast milk microbiota and gut microbial colonization of babies. Here, we provide a review of the scope of reports on associations between HMOs and the infant gut microbiota to assess the impact of HMO composition.

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Emerging frontiers in human milk microbiome research and suggested primers for 16S rRNA gene analysis

Cited by 21 publications

References 133 publications

Bacterial Diversity of Breast Milk in Healthy Spanish Women: Evolution from Birth to Five Years Postpartum

Bacterial Diversity of Breast Milk in Healthy Spanish Women: Evolution from Birth to Five Years Postpartum

Composition of Human Breast Milk Microbiota and Its Role in Children’s Health

Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) and Infant Microbiota: A Scoping Review

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