Emamectin benzoate as a candidate for a trunk-injection agent against the pine wood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Abstract

In order to develop an effective trunk-injection agent against pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, an in vitro assay was used to examine the antinematodal activity of 58 commercially available compounds with known modes of action. Among compounds tested, the GABA receptor agonists had better anti-nematodal activity than compounds in¯uencing glutamate, Nmethyl-D-aspartate, b-adrenergic, dopamine, muscarinic acetylcholine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as those inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase, 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake and Ca 2 , K , Na and Cl À channels. Avermectins and milbemycins strongly inhibited propagation of the nematode. Emamectin benzoate proved to be the most active (IC 95 0.050 mM) being over 140 times more active than the active ingredient of conventional trunk-injection agents. It is concluded that emamectin benzoate is a strong candidate for an anti-nematodal trunk injection agent.

Development of a water‐soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate and its preventative effect against the wilting of pot‐grown pine trees inoculated with the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

“…In a previous paper,5 we reported that emamectin benzoate, an insecticidal 16‐membered macrocyclic lactone discovered by Merck & Co Inc,6 is a potent anti‐nematodal compound and is a strong candidate as a trunk injection agent. In trunk injection, the flow of water in the tree is the medium of transportation of the injected anti‐nematodal compound,7 which should be dissolved in water to diffuse to every part of the tree at an effective concentration.…”

Efficacy of Two Systemic Insecticides Injected Into Loblolly Pine for Protection Against Southern Pine Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

“…The amount of time required for these systemic insecticides to adequately translocate within the tree under variable climatic conditions should be studied. In Japan, EB is injected during the dormant season to protect against pinewood nematode (Takai et al 2000(Takai et al , 2001(Takai et al , 2003a.…”

“…When trunk injected, the insecticide emamectin benzoate (Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC) was found to be highly effective for 3 yr against pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilis (Takai et al 2000(Takai et al , 2001(Takai et al , 2003a and 6 yr against coneworms, Dioryctria spp. (Grosman et al 2002;D.M.G., unpublished data).…”

Mortality and movement behaviour of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus under different dosages of copper sulphate

“…Petri dishes with fully grown fungi were inoculated with B. xylophilus and kept until fungal mycelia were completely consumed (~ 13 days). The cultured nematodes (mixed stage) were separated from the culture media by using the shallow dish technique (Takai et al 2000), and then filtered through four layers of gauze on a 38 μm mesh screen and washed 3 times with sterile water before collecting. The suspension of nematodes was concentrated by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 3 min and then placed into a 50 ml beaker and counted on a grid under a microscope.…”