Development of a water‐soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate and its preventative effect against the wilting of pot‐grown pine trees inoculated with the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Abstract

Water-soluble preparations have been investigated to develop a trunk injection agent based on the poorly water-soluble anti-nematode emamectin benzoate. Following tests on the phytotoxicity of some solvents and solubilizers and demonstration of the ability of some solubilizers to dissolve emamectin benzoate in water, acetone + methanol was selected as the solvent and Polysorbate 80 as the solubilizer. This water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate prevented the wilting of pot-grown 4-year-old trees of the Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii, artificially inoculated with the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, at a dose of 20 g emamectin benzoate per cubic metre of pine tree.

Evaluation of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Control Provided by Emamectin Benzoate and Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides, One and Two Seasons After Treatment

“…Early water-soluble formulations of emamectin benzoate were developed for application as trunk injections (Takai et al 2001) and evaluated for control of seed and cone insects, engraver beetles, nematodes, and longhorned beetles, primarily in conifers (Grossman et al 2002, Takai et al 2003, Grossman and Upton 2006, Poland et al 2006. A new formulation of emamectin benzoate was recently developed and registered for A. planipennis in ash trees (Arborjet 2010), but few Þeld evaluations have been conducted to date.…”

Identification and Characterization of a Dual-Acting Antinematodal Agent against the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

“…As shown in Figure 3B, the MEK-containing liquid formula of HWY-4213 administered as a trunk injection was much more effective than morantel tartrate in preventing the wilting of pre-infected (10,000 nematodes/mL), pot-grown 4-year-old pine trees. This effect appears to exhibit in a dose-dependent manner up to 50 g/m 3 [10]. When tested in vivo at a fixed dose of 50 g/m 3 , this liquid HWY-4213 formulation rescued 80% of tree wilting; HWY-4213 alone and morantel tartrate, tested at the same dose, and reduced wilting by approximately 30% and 20%, respectively (Fig.…”

“…It has previously been reported that only those compounds with water solubility greater than 1000 mg/L prevented wilting in pine trees that had been artificially inoculated with PWN [10]. While currently available anti-nematodal compounds have very a low water solubility (e.g., 24 mg/L for emamectin benzoate) [9], the water solubility of HWY-4213 is greater than 100,000 mg/L.…”

Efficacy of Two Systemic Insecticides Injected Into Loblolly Pine for Protection Against Southern Pine Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

“…The amount of time required for these systemic insecticides to adequately translocate within the tree under variable climatic conditions should be studied. In Japan, EB is injected during the dormant season to protect against pinewood nematode (Takai et al 2000(Takai et al , 2001(Takai et al , 2003a.…”

“…When trunk injected, the insecticide emamectin benzoate (Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC) was found to be highly effective for 3 yr against pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilis (Takai et al 2000(Takai et al , 2001(Takai et al , 2003a and 6 yr against coneworms, Dioryctria spp. (Grosman et al 2002;D.M.G., unpublished data).…”