Electrochemical Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose Based on 3D Electroformed Copper on Ni Foam Nanostructures

Abstract

Despite the fact that the electrochemical biosensors based on glucose oxidase represent the golden standard for the management of diabetes, the elaboration of nonenzymatic sensors became extensively studied as an out-of-the-box concept that aims to simplify the existing approach. An important point of view is represented by the low price of the sensing device that has positive effects for both end-users and healthcare systems. The enzyme-free sensors based on low-cost materials such as transition metals have similar analytical properties to the commercial ones while eliminating the issues associated with the presence of the enzyme, such as the stability issues and limited shelf-life. The development of nanoporous nanomaterials for biomedical applications and electrocatalysis was referred to as an alternative to the conventional methods due to their enlarged area, electrical properties, ease of functionalization and not least to their low cost. Herein, we report the development of an electrochemical nonenzymatic sensor for glucose based on 3D copper nanostructures with Ni foams as promotor of the enhanced nanoporous morphology. The sensors were successfully tested in the presence of the designated target, even in the presence of common interference agents found in biological samples.

CuO/CoZn-Layered Double-Hydroxide Nanowires on Carbon Cloth as an Enzyme-Free H2O2 Sensor

“…Usually, the traditional electrochemical sensors use enzymes (for example, catalase and horseradish peroxidase) for H 2 O 2 detection based on the direct electron transfer between redox enzymes and electrodes. However, limited by the high price, easy to denaturation and deactivation, and the complicated production process of the enzyme, enzyme-based sensors cannot meet diversified needs in practical applications. , In comparison, enzyme-free sensors have the advantages of simple electrode preparation, stable use, and sensitive detection, so enzyme-free sensors have been widely concerned. , The electrode materials in enzyme-free sensors are generally precious metals, , transition metals, , carbon, , and conductive polymers. , Among them, transition metals are abundant, have a variety of valence states as well as high electrocatalytic activity, and are often chosen as electrode-modifying materials for enzyme-free sensors. , …”

High-Performance Three-Dimensional Spongin–Atacamite Biocomposite for Electrochemical Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensing

“…The first approach is the regulation of the Cu nanostructure’s morphology by controlling the synthesis parameters and producing various nanostructures, such as nanoneedles, nanourchins, nanowires, and nanoplatelets . The second strategy is the integration of Cu nanostructures with two-dimensional (2D) materials (like graphene) and fabrication of nanocomplexes , or the combination with three-dimensional (3D) foamlike materials and development of micro/nanoporous composites. , Compared to the different regulated nanostructures, the latter have recently become attractive electrocatalysts due to their higher surface area and unique electrochemical properties. ,− Various micro/nanoporous films and composites have been used for electrochemical glucose detection, including CuO nanowires/3D Cu porous foam, 3D nanoporous Pt film, Au nanoporous film, CuO/Au nanoporous hybrid, Cu/Au nanoporous film, microporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), , and Au/cobalt oxide nanoporous layers . However, the construction of such micro/nanoporous materials is complex and expensive for designing a cost-effective glucose sensing platform.…”

“…21 The second strategy is the integration of Cu nanostructures with two-dimensional (2D) materials (like graphene) and fabrication of nanocomplexes 26,34 or the combination with three-dimensional (3D) foamlike materials and development of micro/nanoporous composites. 33,35 Compared to the different regulated nanostructures, the latter have recently become attractive electrocatalysts due to their higher surface area and unique electrochemical properties. 33,35−37 Various micro/nanoporous films and composites have been used for electrochemical glucose detection, including CuO nanowires/3D Cu porous foam, 33 3D nanoporous Pt film, 38 Au nanoporous film, 39 CuO/Au nanoporous hybrid, 40 Cu/Au nanoporous film, 37 microporous metal−organic frameworks (MOFs), 41,42 and Au/cobalt oxide nanoporous layers.…”