Effects of the liquid natural rubber (LNR) on mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy/silica/kenaf hybrid composite for potential automotive applications

Jaafar, Che Nor Aiza; Zainol, Ismail; Ishak, N. S.; Ilyas, R. A.; Sapuan, S. M.

doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.03.020

Cited by 48 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The main components of natural fibers are cellulose (30-80%), hemicellulose (7-40%), and lignin (3-33%), as shown in Table 1 [74,76,77]. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall that surrounds the natural fibers, providing strength to plant cells, leaves, branches, and stems [78][79][80][81]. Cellulose is a semicrystalline polysaccharide consisting of units of d-glucopyranose interconnected by b-(1-4)-glucoside bonds [82][83][84][85].…”

Section: Region Where Resin Has Poorly Wetted the Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review

et al. 2021

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In recent years, most boat fabrication companies use 100% synthetic fiber-reinforced composite materials, due to their high performance of mechanical properties. In the new trend of research on the fabrication of boat structure using natural fiber hybrid with kevlar/fiberglass-reinforced composite, the result of tensile, bending, and impact strength showed that glass fiber-reinforced polyester composite gave high strength with increasing glass fiber contents. At some point, realizing the cost of synthetic fiber is getting higher, researchers today have started to use natural fibers that are seen as a more cost-effective option. Natural fibers, however, have some disadvantages, such as high moisture absorption, due to repelling nature; low wettability; low thermal stability; and quality variation, which lead to the degradation of composite properties. In recent times, hybridization is recommended by most researchers as a solution to natural fiber’s weaknesses and to reduce the use of synthetic fibers that are not environmentally friendly. In addition, hybrid composite has its own special advantages, i.e., balanced strength and stiffness, reduced weight and cost, improved fatigue resistance and fracture toughness, and improved impact resistance. The synthetic–nature fiber hybrid composites are used in a variety of applications as a modern material that has attracted most manufacturing industries’ attention to shift to using the hybrid composite. Some of the previous studies stated that delamination and manufacturing had influenced the performance of the hybrid composites. In order to expand the use of natural fiber as a successful reinforcement in hybrid composite, the factor that affects the manufacturing defects needs to be investigated. In this review paper, a compilation of the reviews on the delamination and a few common manufacturing defect types illustrating the overview of the impact on the mechanical properties encountered by most of the composite manufacturing industries are presented.

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Section: Region Where Resin Has Poorly Wetted the Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Numerous incidents have occurred previously in aircraft; at present, however, a remarkable increase in the fire tolerance of polymer composite materials can be observed during collisions [ 27 ]. To increase environmental sustainability, engineers and scientists are currently seeking to replace nonbiodegradable fibers (e.g., glass and carbon–aramids) with biodegradable fibers (e.g., corn [ 28 ],water hyacinth [ 29 ], coir [ 30 ], ginger [ 31 , 32 ], cotton [ 33 , 34 ], kenaf [ 11 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], sugarcane [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], flax [ 44 ], ramie [ 45 ], hemp [ 46 ], kapok [ 47 ], sisal [ 48 ], wood [ 17 ], oil palm [ 3 , 49 ], banana [ 50 ], and sugar palm [ 4 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. However, polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers frequently heat up efficiently [ 61 ] and exhibit high thermal conductivity [ 62 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants

et al. 2021

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Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people’s life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.

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“…The use of a composite material whose constituents will synergize to solve the needs of the application is therefore necessary. Many researchers in the past have developed composites using natural fibers, such as sugar palm [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], oil palm [ 16 ], sugarcane [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], water hyacinth [ 20 ], kenaf [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], corn husk [ 24 ], bamboo [ 25 ], coir [ 26 ], sisal [ 27 ], cogon [ 28 ], and banana [ 29 , 30 ]. These natural fibers possess good reinforcing capability when properly combined with polymers [ 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kenaf Fiber/Pet Yarn Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites: Morphological, Tensile, and Flammability Properties

et al. 2021

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The application of natural fibers is rapidly growing in many sectors, such as construction, automobile, and furniture. Kenaf fiber (KF) is a natural fiber that is in demand owing to its eco-friendly and renewable nature. Nowadays, there are various new applications for kenaf, such as in absorbents and building materials. It also has commercial applications, such as in the automotive industry. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) is used as a fire retardant as it is low in cost and has good flame retardancy, while polyester yarn (PET) has high tensile strength. The aim of this study was to determine the horizontal burning rate, tensile strength, and surface morphology of kenaf fiber/PET yarn reinforced epoxy fire retardant composites. The composites were prepared by hybridized epoxy and Mg(OH)2 PET with different amounts of KF content (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50%) using the cold press method. The specimen with 35% KF (epoxy/PET/KF-35) displayed better flammability properties and had the lowest average burning rate of 14.55 mm/min, while epoxy/PET/KF-50 with 50% KF had the highest tensile strength of all the samples. This was due to fewer defects being detected on the surface morphology of epoxy/PET/KF-35 compared to the other samples, which influenced the mechanical properties of the composites.

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Effects of the liquid natural rubber (LNR) on mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy/silica/kenaf hybrid composite for potential automotive applications

Cited by 48 publications

References 67 publications

Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review

Delamination and Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composite: A Review

Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants

Kenaf Fiber/Pet Yarn Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites: Morphological, Tensile, and Flammability Properties

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