Effects of prolonged warm-up exercise above and below anaerobic threshold on maximal performance

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of prolonged warm-up exercise above and below anaerobic threshold (AT) on maximal performance. Warm-up exercise consisted of pedalling the Monark cycle ergometer at either 40% (Below AT) or 68% (Above AT) of VO2max for 60 min. Each maximal performance consisted of two 40 s bouts of "all out" pedalling on the Monark cycle ergometer against 5.5 kg resistance separated by a 5 min rest period. These tests were administered on two occasions without warm-up exercise and were found to be reproducible for work output and peak blood lactate concentration. Below AT warm-up exercise significantly increased core temperature with no increase in steady state blood lactate concentration and was thus representative of a desired warmed-up status. This condition did not contribute to an improved maximal performance. Above AT warm-up exercise resulted in significant increases in core temperature and steady state blood lactate concentration. Work output and peak blood lactate concentration for maximal exercise were significantly decreased. It was concluded that task specific prolonged warm-up exercise below AT does not contribute to an improved maximal performance of the type employed in the present study. Following warm-up exercise above AT, maximal performance was impaired. This was attributed to probable glycogen depletion in fast twitch muscle fibers which in turn may have contributed to a decreased lactate production.

Influence of duration and intensity of warm-up sessions on the performance among short distance swimmers

“…However, these results just suggest that there is no difference between long duration and short duration warm-up at the same level of intensity. It can be said that easy swimming is very beneficial and can improve short term performance (Genovely and Stanford, 1982;Houmard et al, 1991;Maglischo, 2003) compared to high intense warm-up in this study and no warm-up conditions and dry-land warm-ups in the previous studies (Bishop, 2003;Romney and Nethery, 1993). When comparing performance time after long duration warm-up and after warm-up session with high intensity there was significant difference (p=.02).…”

“…To compare the level of the lactic acid during the race the best option will be longterm swimming performance. There are evidences that the lactate level in the blood is dropping faster after performance that was done after proper swimming warm-up session (Bishop, 2003;Genovely and Stanford, 1982;Robergs et al, 1990). Now, with the data for 100 meters performance and without lactate blood sample it is not clear how duration of the session and the amount of swimming can influence on the performance.…”

The Effects of Warm-up Duration on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Trained Cyclists

“…The amount of time between the warm-up and performance is also important. A transition time of less than five minutes appears to be most effective (Andzel, 1978(Andzel, , 1982Andzel, Gutin, 1976;Genovely, Stamford, 1982;Grodjinovsky, Magel, 1970) as the athlete is able to recover from the warm-up bout, and will likely begin the exercise with an elevat-ed oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and muscle temperature and therefore be more prepared for the performance.…”

“…Studies reporting improvement in endurance performance related to warm up at-tribute the benefit to an increase in VO 2 (Andzel, 1978;Andzel, Gutin, 1976;Genovely, Stamford, 1982;Grodjinovsky, Magel, 1970;Martin, Robinson, Wiegman, Aulick, 1975), an increase in heart rate (HR) (Andzel, 1978;Andzel, Gutin, 1976;Martin et al, 1975), a decrease in lactate accumulation (Gerbino, Ward, Whipp, 1996;Kozlowski et al, 1985;Mujika, de Txabarri, Maldonado-Martin, Pyne, 2012), or increased time to exhaus-tion (Ng, Cheng, Fung, Ngai, Wong, Yeung, 2007). Physiologically, the improved performance correlated to warm up may be related to the increased muscle temperature (Bishop, 2003a;Jones, Koppo, Burnley, 2003), improved VO 2 kinetics early in the exercise bout (Burnley, Jones, Carter, Doust, 2000;Gerbino et al, 1996;Hajoglou et al, 2005;Johnson et al, 2014), improved exercise tolerance (Carter et al, 2005), improved aerobic abilities (Bishop, 2003a;Carter et al, 2005;Hajoglou et al, 2005;Johnson et al, 2014;Jones et al, 2003), and increased nerve conduction velocity (Johnson et al, 2014).…”

“…Intensity and duration of the warm-up should be monitored to avoid significant disruptions in homeostasis such as muscle fatigue, high core temperatures, lactate production, and substrate depletion (Andzel, Busuttil, 1982;Bergstrom, Hermansen, Hultman, Saltin, 1967;Carter et al, 2005;Genovely, Stamford, 1982;Gregson et al, 2002;Kozlowski et al, 1985;Wittekind, Beneke, 2009). Warm-up intensities above lac-tate threshold tend to increase blood lactate response more than low-intensity warm-ups (Genovely, Stamford, 1982;Gray, Nimmo, 2001).…”