Effects of Physical Exercise on Inflammatory Markers of Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Abstract:It is well established that physically fit individuals have a reduced risk of developing CVD (cardiovascular disease) and other age-related chronic disorders. Regular exercise is an established therapeutic intervention with an enormous range of benefits. Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation may be involved in atherosclerosis, diabetes and in pathogenesis of several chronic pathological conditions; recent findings confirm that physical activity induces an increase in the systemic levels of a number of cytokines and chemokines with anti-inflammatory properties. The possibility that regular physical exercise exerts anti-inflammation activity, being the interaction between contracting muscle and the other tissues and the circulating cells mediated through signals transmitted by "myokines" produced with muscle contractions. To date the list of myokines includes IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15. During muscle contractions are also released IL1receptor antagonis and sTNF-R, molecules that contribute to provide anti-inflammatory actions.Nevertheless discrepancies, analysis of available researches seem to confirm the efficacy of regular physical training as a nonpharmacological therapy having target chronic low-grade inflammation. Given this, physical exercise could be considerate a useful weapon against local vascular and systemic inflammation in atherosclerosis. Several mechanisms explain the positive effect of chronic exercise, nevertheless, these mechanisms do not fully enlighten all pathways by which exercise can decrease inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and hence modulate the progression of the underlying disease progress.

Physical exercise modulates the level of serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with breast cancer

“…The mechanism underlying the health benefits of regular exercise may involve the cumulative anti-inflammatory effects of repeated physical exercise (12,13). Regular exercise promotes the synthesis of myokines that modulate the inflammatory response (14).…”

Potential Benefits of Exercise Training as a Factor of Ischemic Preconditioning Prior to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (Review)

“…Преимущество этого метода у пациентов с ИБС заключается в том, что, помимо протективных эффектов вследствие воз-действия ишемического прекондиционирования, физические тренировки обладают доказанной эффективностью в отношении снижения показа-телей общей и сердечно-сосудистой смертности, повышения качества жизни пациентов [35], об-ладают липидкорректирующим эффектом [36], уменьшают выраженность системного воспале-ния [37], позитивно влияют на показатели когни-тивного статуса [38]. В настоящее время большой интерес пред-ставляет использование физических тренировок высокой интенсивности, позволяющих дости-гать необходимого эффекта ишемического пре-кондиционирования у пациентов с ИБС.…”

Potential Mechanisms behind Physical Exercise vs. Epigenetic Regulation for Preventing Breast Cancer

“…In addition, physical exercise may also prohibit promotion and progression stages of carcinogenesis by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) [100]; altering cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation [71]; decreasing inflammation [101]; and enhancing immune function and suppressing angiogenesis [99]. With this complex information, we will sum up previous reports and discuss potential mechanisms behind the relationship between PA and breast cancer in several aspects, from whole body and the metabolic system to molecular pathways [102][103][104][105] (Figure 1). …”