Effects of individual and binary-combined commercial insecticides endosulfan, temephos, malathion and pirimiphos-methyl on biomarker responses in earthworm Eisenia andrei

Transcriptional expression levels and biochemical markers of oxidative stress in the earthworm Eisenia andrei after exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)

“…GST belongs to the phase II family of detoxifying enzymes and is involved in the detoxification response to various xenobiotic chemicals, including pesticides (Jin-Clark et al, 2002). Recently, Stepiç et al (2013) reported the effects of individual and pairs of the commercial insecticides endosulfan, temephos, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl on a set of biomarker responses in E. andrei. They found a substantial increase in GST activity in response to pesticide exposure.…”

Toxicity of mixtures of λ-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid and cadmium on the earthworm Eisenia fetida by combination index (CI)-isobologram method

“…Rodea-Palomares et al (2010) reported an environmental application of the median-effect/ combination index (CI)-isobologram-equation originally developed by Chou (2006), which allows quantitative determinations of chemical interactions at different concentrations and effect levels. This method has recently been used to study interactions among chemicals Rosal et al, 2010;Boltes et al, 2012;González-Pleiter et al, 2013;Stepić et al, 2013).…”

Highly selective biomarkers for pesticides developed in Eisenia fetida using SELDI-TOF MS

“…In two earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris, multiple esterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase (CE), have been assessed as biomarkers for malathion exposure (HensonRamsey et al, 2011). Several studies have also reported AChE, catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as biochemical biomarkers in Eisenia Andrei for the insecticides, endosulfan, temephos, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl (Stepić et al, 2013), and AChE, CAT, CE, and the efflux pump as biomarkers in E. andrei and Octolasion lacteum for dimethoate exposure (Velki and Hackenberger, 2012). However, these studies have demonstrated that environmental biomarkers are not specific to the individual burden experienced by the organism, resulting in misleading data interpretation.…”

“…Biomarkers found in aquatic and terrestrial organisms following exposure to pesticides have been intensively studied in order to predict the presence of pesticides in the environment (Henson-Ramsey et al, 2011;Jamec et al, 2010). Recently, many studies have reported the use of terrestrial organisms for developing biomarkers in response to residual pesticides (Henson-Ramsey et al, 2011;Radwan and Mohamed, 2013;Stepić et al, 2013), and among these, earthworms were widely used to understand the impacts of pesticides in the environment. In two earthworm species, Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris, multiple esterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase (CE), have been assessed as biomarkers for malathion exposure (HensonRamsey et al, 2011).…”