Effects of hydroxyapatite gypsum puger scaffold applied to rat alveolar bone sockets on osteoclasts, osteoblasts and the trabecular bone area

Abstract

Background: Damage to bone tissue resulting from tooth extraction will cause alveolar bone resorption. Therefore, a material for preserving alveolar sockets capable of maintaining bone is required. Hydroxyapatite Gypsum Puger (HAGP) is a bio-ceramic material that can be used as an alternative material for alveolar socket preservation. The porous and rough surface of HAGP renders it a good medium for osteoblast cells to penetrate and attach themselves to. In general, bone mass is regulated through a remodeling process consisting of two phases, namely; bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Purpose: This research aims to identify the effects of HAGP scaffold application on the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as on the width of trabecular bone area in the alveolar sockets of rats. Methods: This research used Posttest Only Control Group Design. There were three research groups, namely: a group with 2.5% HAGP scaffold, a group with 5% HAGP scaffold and a group with 10% HAGP scaffold. The number of samples in each group was six. HAGP scaffold at concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% was then mixed with PEG (Polyethylene Glycol). The Wistar rats were anesthetized intra-muscularly with 100 mg/ml of ketamine and 20 mg/ml of xylazine base at a ratio of 1:1 with a dose of 0.08-0.2 ml/kgBB. Extraction of the left mandibular incisor was performed before 0.1 ml preservation of HAGP scaffold + PEG material was introduced into the extraction sockets and suturing was performed. 7 days after preparation of the rat bone tissue, an Hematoxilin Eosin staining process was conducted in order that observation under a microscope could be performed. Results: There were significant differences in both the number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts between the 2.5% HAGP group, the 5% HAGP group and the 10% HAGP group (p = 0.000). Similarly, significant differences in the width of the trabecular bone area existed between the 5% HAGP group and the 10% HAGP group, as well as between the 2.5% HAGP group and the 10% HAGP group (p=0.000). In contrast, there was no significant difference in the width of the trabecular bone area between the 2.5% HAGP group and the 5% HAGP group. Conclusion: The application of HAGP scaffold can reduce osteoclasts, increase osteoblasts and extend the trabecular area in the alveolar bone sockets of rats.

The comparative Micro-CT analysis on trabecular bone density between hydroxyapatite gypsum puger scaffold application and bovine hydroxyapatite scaffold application

“…16 Thus, the accumulation of calcium in the HAGP scaffold can provide a favourable environment for alveolar bone density to form new bone tissue growth. 6 Furthermore, the two research materials compared in this study contain HA. HA is an alloplastic material used as a bone graft substitution that is bioactive and osteoconductive.…”

“…20 If there is rapid degradation, osteoblasts can be easily absorbed to accelerate the healing of the defect. 21,22 Naini et al 6 stated that HAGP scaffold can increase osteoblasts and decrease osteoclasts during tooth socket healing with Hematoxillin Eosine (HE) examination. Osteoblast activity is higher in bone-forming parts than in bone-absorbing osteoclasts; connectivity is established and bone density increases, leading to a new bone growth process.…”

“…The sample size was determined with the Lemeshow formula. 6 Furthermore, to make the HAGP scaffold, 250 mg of HAGP powder was mixed into 300 mg of gelatin and 10 ml of distilled water until homogeneous. The homogeneous mixture was then placed into a mould and a freeze-drying process was carried out.…”

“…Based on x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) scaffold examinations, the hydroxyapatite obtained had significant quantities of scaffold pores similar to the bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) scaffold, which was the gold standard. 5 According to Naini et al, 6 at 10% concentration, an HA scaffold from puger gypsum material can increase the number of osteoblasts and the area of bone trabeculae detected by histopathology anatomy (HPA) examination. Osteoblasts as cells bone constituents are formed from osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).…”

Physical characterization and analysis of tissue inflammatory response of the combination of hydroxyapatite gypsum puger and tapioca starch as a scaffold material

“…The gypsum puger has been synthesized into a hydroxyapatite scaffold, and thus it becomes an alternative graft material at a more affordable price and is easy to obtain. 6,7 However, it still poses some weaknesses, such as low biomechanical properties, low porosity, and brittleness. 8 Therefore, to improve its material properties, it needs to be enhanced by combining it with biopolymer materials.…”