Recently, the architectural and physical properties of the fungus comb from subterranean termite Macrotermes gilvus Hagen (Isoptera: Termitidae) mounds had been studied and it is important to determine its chemical profile as well as to evaluate its anti-staining-fungi activity. The results showed that fungus comb of M. gilvus has a high crude ash (30.57%), fiber (25.46%), starch (7.76%), protein (5.80%, 5.53% amino acid), acid-insoluble ash (3.45%), and fat (0.73%). It also contained phenol hydroquinone, steroids, terpenoids, and saponin compounds. Seventeen amino acids were identified via high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, of which arginine, leucine, glutamate, and aspartic acid were the majority. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the n-hexane extract consists of several types of fatty acid derivatives. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts were primarily phenol groups with 1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol) at the highest relative concentration. Four fungus-comb extracts (n-hexane, EtOAc, MeOH, and water) inhibited the Aspergillus foetidus fungus, with inhibition rates ranging from 24.17% to 100% and EtOAc extract as the most active extract. It appears that EtOAc extracts from the M. gilvus fungus comb can be considered an active ingredient source of novel organic fungicide in preventing wood-staining fungi attacks on susceptible wood.
Olahraga wisata merupakan salah satu jenis kegiatan wisata yang perkembangannya cukup pesat di Indonesia karena memiliki pegunungan, lautan, sungai dan danau yang begitu luas. Oleh karena masing-masing daerah memiliki karakteristik geografis yang berbeda maka pengembangan olahraga wisata sangat memungkinkan untuk dijadikan sebuah alternatif olahraga rekreasi bagi pencinta olahraga seperti olahraga gunung (mendaki, berkemah, jelajah hutan, bersepeda, atau trekking, dan sebagainya), olahraga air (diving, canoing, snorkeling, surfing, dan sebagainya)Hubungan olahraga dan pariwisata tidak dapat dipisahkan karena keduanya dapat memberikan keuntungan satu sama lain. Bisa saja peristiwa olahraga diselenggarakan di daerah wisata dengan tujuan untuk memberikan hiburan tambahan bagi wisatawan, ataupun sebaliknya hanya dimanfaatkan khusus guna menarik wisatawan lokal maupun wisatawan asing (Danasaputra, 2009). Dengan demikian olahraga pun akhirnya dapat memicu bisnis baru seperti tempat hiburan rekreasi, restoran, perhotelan, pengembangan usaha kecil (aksesoris-aksesoris daerah setempat menjadi lebih berkembang), makanan dan minuman khas daerah setempat menjadi lebih dikenal, dan pada akhirnya dapat menciptakan lapangan kerja.Sebagai produk dari industri olahraga, olahraga pariwisata memerlukan pengelolaan lebih lanjut agar mampu menarik minat wisatawan asing maupun lokal sebagai konsumennya.Pengembangan olahraga pariwisata berpotensi besar sebagai daya tarik dan sarana promosi daerah setempat. Masyarakat yang datang untuk menyaksikan suatu event atau kejuaraan dapat sekaligus berwisata sementara masyarakat yang menonton kejuraan tersebut melalui tontonan televisi akan menjadi tertarik untuk mengunjungi daerah tersebut. Demikian pula akan berdampak positif bagi daerah dan masyarakat serta usaha kecil dan menengah di daerah penyelenggaraan.Penyelenggaraan olahraga pariwisata di suatu tempat secara langsung dapat pula memberikan keuntungan bagi masyarakat sekitar karena dapat membuka kesempatan berusaha seperti penyediaan makanan, minuman, usaha transportasi baik tradisional maupun konvensional.
Background: Damage to bone tissue resulting from tooth extraction will cause alveolar bone resorption. Therefore, a material for preserving alveolar sockets capable of maintaining bone is required. Hydroxyapatite Gypsum Puger (HAGP) is a bio-ceramic material that can be used as an alternative material for alveolar socket preservation. The porous and rough surface of HAGP renders it a good medium for osteoblast cells to penetrate and attach themselves to. In general, bone mass is regulated through a remodeling process consisting of two phases, namely; bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. Purpose: This research aims to identify the effects of HAGP scaffold application on the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as on the width of trabecular bone area in the alveolar sockets of rats. Methods: This research used Posttest Only Control Group Design. There were three research groups, namely: a group with 2.5% HAGP scaffold, a group with 5% HAGP scaffold and a group with 10% HAGP scaffold. The number of samples in each group was six. HAGP scaffold at concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% was then mixed with PEG (Polyethylene Glycol). The Wistar rats were anesthetized intra-muscularly with 100 mg/ml of ketamine and 20 mg/ml of xylazine base at a ratio of 1:1 with a dose of 0.08-0.2 ml/kgBB. Extraction of the left mandibular incisor was performed before 0.1 ml preservation of HAGP scaffold + PEG material was introduced into the extraction sockets and suturing was performed. 7 days after preparation of the rat bone tissue, an Hematoxilin Eosin staining process was conducted in order that observation under a microscope could be performed. Results: There were significant differences in both the number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts between the 2.5% HAGP group, the 5% HAGP group and the 10% HAGP group (p = 0.000). Similarly, significant differences in the width of the trabecular bone area existed between the 5% HAGP group and the 10% HAGP group, as well as between the 2.5% HAGP group and the 10% HAGP group (p=0.000). In contrast, there was no significant difference in the width of the trabecular bone area between the 2.5% HAGP group and the 5% HAGP group. Conclusion: The application of HAGP scaffold can reduce osteoclasts, increase osteoblasts and extend the trabecular area in the alveolar bone sockets of rats.
Introduction The aim of the study was to describe the process of neuron death in the cerebral cortex caused by embryonic carbofuran exposure. Material and Methods 81 mouse foetuses from 27 breeding mice were used in the study. Carbofuran was administered by gavage from the 6th to the 15th day of gestation to two groups: one at 0.0208 and the other at 0.0417 mg/kg b.w. On the 17th day, the mice were sacrificed and the foetuses were taken to measure the ROS (malondialdehyde/MDA and superoxide dismutase/SOD) activity in brain tissue, the number of apoptotic embryonic cerebral cortex neurons using a TUNEL assay, and necrotic cells using HE staining. Examination of p53 and caspase 3 expression was done by immunohistochemistry. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s test. Results Increased activity of cerebral ROS characterised by significant elevation of the MDA level (P < 0.05), decreased SOD (P < 0.01), increased p53 and caspase 3 expression, and cerebral cortical neuron death either by necrosis or apoptosis (P < 0.05) were found. At the low dose carbofuran increased expression of p53, caspase 3, and apoptosis. At the high dose it increased levels of MDA and necrosis. Conclusion Increased expression of p53 and caspase 3 and apoptosis indicated that carbofuran may cause apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway. The increased apoptosis grants an opportunity to prevent and treat the effect of ROS due to gestational carbofuran exposure.
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