Effects of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist-to-Height Ratio and Their Changes on Risks of Dyslipidemia among Chinese Adults: The Guizhou Population Health Cohort Study

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effects of different anthropometric indices and their changes on the risk of incident dyslipidemia among the Chinese population. From the Guizhou population health cohort study, 2989 Chinese adults without dyslipidemia at baseline were followed up. Anthropometric parameters including waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and their changes in the latter two indices, and serum lipids were tested after at least 8 h fasting. Hazard ratio (HR), adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), and 95% confidential interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the association between anthropometric parameters and dyslipidemia risk using multivariate Cox regression. A total of 2089 (69.98%) new dyslipidemia cases were identified over an average follow-up of 7.0 years. Baseline BMI (aHR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.01, 1.23) and WHtR (aHR = 1.06, 95%CI 1.00, 1.13) were positively associated with higher risks of incident dyslipidemia but not WC. Each 5.0 kg/m2 increment of BMI or 0.05-unit increment of WHtR was significantly associated with 43% or 25% increased risk of incident dyslipidemia, respectively. The aHRs (95%CI) of incident dyslipidemia for subjects maintaining or developing general obesity were 2.19 (1.53, 3.12) or 1.46 (1.22, 1.75), and 1.54 (1.23, 1.82) or 1.30 (1.06, 1.60) for subjects maintaining or developing abdominal obesity, respectively. Linear trends for aHRs of BMI, WHtR change, and BMI change were observed (p for trend: 0.021, <0.001, <0.001, respectively). BMI, WHtR, and their changes were closely associated with the incidence of dyslipidemia for Chinese adults. Loss in BMI and WHtR had protective effects on incident dyslipidemia, whereas gain of BMI or WHtR increased the dyslipidemia risk. Interventions to control or reduce BMI and WHtR to the normal range are important for the early prevention of dyslipidemia, especially for participants aged 40 years or above, male participants, and urban residents with poor control of obesity.

Novel Physical Fitness Fuzzy Evaluation Model for Individual Health Promotion

“…BMI, in addition, is one of the important indicators in physical fitness tests. However, in such a short period of time, the value will not change significantly [23,24], so the BMI is not included in the model. For longitudinal research, it will then be necessary to include BMI.…”

“…As the testing and monitoring of individual physical fitness requires only a small amount of time and has a small sample dataset, this paper proposes a physical fitness evaluation and analysis model fitting individuals through a fuzzy evaluation method suitable for evaluating a small sample dataset. As the body mass index will not change significantly in a short period of time [23,24], the physical fitness evaluation and analysis model developed in this paper includes (1) cardiorespiratory endurance, (2) muscular endurance, (3) muscle power, and (4) flexibility. These four physical fitness indicators are described below [2,7].…”

Unhealthy Dietary Patterns Increased Risks of Incident Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study in Southwest China

“…Data for this study were from the Guizhou Population Health Cohort Study (GPHCS), a prospective community-based cohort in Guizhou province, China. 22 The baseline survey was conducted between November 2010 and December 2012, and it was followed up between December 2016 and June 2020. The inclusion criteria for subjects in this study included followings: (1) aged 18 years or above; (2) lived in these communities and had no plan to move; (3) completed the questionnaire and blood sample collection; (4) signed written informed consent before data collection.…”

“… 23 Alcohol drinkers referred to drinking alcohol more than once every month within the last 12 months. 22 Physical activity was defined as meeting WHO recommendations on physical activity according to the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). 24…”

“…23 Alcohol drinkers referred to drinking alcohol more than once every month within the last 12 months. 22 Physical activity was defined as meeting WHO recommendations on physical activity according to the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). 24 Dietary data including frequencies and quantities of 16 food items (fermented bean curd, bean paste, pickles, oil, legumes, meat, fruits, milk, eggs, fish, potatoes, grains, vegetables, beverages, desserts, and fried food) consumed during the recent 12 months before the study recruitment were collected by a simplified Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ).…”