Effects of a semi-formal urban settlement on groundwater quality

Zingoni, Emmanuel; Love, David W.; Magadza, C. H. D.; Moyce, William; Musiwa, Kudzai

doi:10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.008

Cited by 49 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Most informal settlements are characterised by the lack of basic sanitation facilities and the inhabitants of such settlements mostly resort to rivers and nearby bushes as their main points of waste disposal. The impact of animal farming [33,34] and informal settlements on the microbial quality of aquatic ecosystems has been previously reported [4,35,36,37,38]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence-Associated Genes in Well and Borehole Water Used for Domestic Purposes in a Peri-Urban Community of South Africa

Abia

Schaefer

Ubomba-Jaswa

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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In the absence of pipe-borne water, many people in Africa, especially in rural communities, depend on alternative water sources such as wells, boreholes and rivers for household and personal hygiene. Poor maintenance and nearby pit latrines, however, lead to microbial pollution of these sources. We evaluated the abundance of Escherichia coli and the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli virulence genes in water from wells, boreholes and a river in a South African peri-urban community. Monthly samples were collected between August 2015 and November 2016. In all, 144 water samples were analysed for E. coli using the Colilert 18 system. Virulence genes (eagg, eaeA, stx1, stx2, flichH7, ST, ipaH, ibeA) were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mean E. coli counts ranged between 0 and 443.1 Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 mL of water sample. Overall, 99.3% of samples were positive for at least one virulence gene studied, with flicH7 being the most detected gene (81/140; 57.6%) and the stx2 gene the least detected gene (8/140; 5.7%). Both intestinal and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli genes were detected. The detection of virulence genes in these water sources suggests the presence of potentially pathogenic E. coli strains and is a public health concern.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence-Associated Genes in Well and Borehole Water Used for Domestic Purposes in a Peri-Urban Community of South Africa

Abia

Schaefer

Ubomba-Jaswa

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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“…This relationship holds true despite the presence of a mean tubewell depth variable in the model, which would control for the effect of varying tubewell depths in some baris , or the absence of tubewells completely in one third of the baris measured. It is commonly assumed that deeper tubewells draw less polluted water to the surface than shallow tubewells, which may become contaminated as surface water or other material seeps downwards towards the water table [27-29]. While we did not specifically investigate the relationship between shallow tubewells and diarrheal disease events, it was important to account for this potential interaction with the number of tubewells available to a population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diarrheal disease risk in rural Bangladesh decreases as tubewell density increases: a zero-inflated and geographically weighted analysis

et al. 2011

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BackgroundThis study investigates the impact of tubewell user density on cholera and shigellosis events in Matlab, Bangladesh between 2002 and 2004. Household-level demographic, health, and water infrastructure data were incorporated into a local geographic information systems (GIS) database. Geographically-weighted regression (GWR) models were constructed to identify spatial variation of relationships across the study area. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were run to simultaneously measure the likelihood of increased magnitude of disease events and the likelihood of zero cholera or shigellosis events. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of tubewell density on both the occurrence of diarrheal disease and the magnitude of diarrheal disease incidence.ResultsIn Matlab, households with greater tubewell density were more likely to report zero cholera or shigellosis events. Results for both cholera and shigellosis GWR models suggest that tubewell density effects are spatially stationary and the use of non-spatial statistical methods is appropriate.ConclusionsIncreasing the amount of drinking water available to households through increased density of tubewells contributed to lower reports of cholera and shigellosis events in rural Bangladesh. Our findings demonstrate the importance of tubewell installation and access to groundwater in reducing diarrheal disease events in the developing world.

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“…Some evidence has linked the standard latrine to contamination of groundwater by bacteria and nutrients (35). In addition, traditional latrines may harbor offensive odors and flies.…”

Section: A Shift To Household Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water And Sanitation in Developing Countries: Including Health in the Equation

Montgomery¹,

Elimelech²

2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

784

420

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hanced and services expanded through greater collaboration between the fields of water and sanitation engineering and public health. Second, researchers should focus on the sustainability of water and sanitation services by developing strategies that holistically address the influence of the environment, culture, and economics on the implementation and long-term maintenance of treatment systems. Lowcost household technologies, as opposed to centralized systems, offer one means of addressing water and sanitation needs in a more integrated and sustainable manner. Third, the obstacles to improving water and sanitation services, such as lack of investment, lack of political will, and difficulty in maintaining services, must be overcome so that these services can be improved and global coverage ultimately achieved. This will require greater collaboration among the water, health, and education sectors in conducting community-based research and work, formulating evidence-based policies that allow for effective investments, and focusing on developing solutions that can be locally managed and maintained. Billions suffer without improved water and sanitation servicesGlobal figures that describe the lack of water and sanitation services are alarming. More than 1.1 billion people do not have access to improved drink-I mproving global access to clean drinking water and safe sanitation is one of the least expensive and most effective means to improve public health and save lives. The concept of clean water and safe sanitation as essential to health is not a novel idea. In 350 B.C., Hippocrates recommended boiling water to inactivate "impurities". The U.S. and Central Europe, where water and sanitation services are nearly universal, significantly reduced water-, sanitation-, and hygiene-related diseases by the start of the 20th century by protecting water sources and installing sewage systems. However, in developing countries, water and sanitation services are still severely lacking. As a result, millions suffer from preventable illnesses and die every year (1). Many obstacles must be overcome to improve these statistics. The integration of public health into engineering problem solving is critical, but current efforts are insufficient. Through partnerships with local communities to implement water and sanitation solutions that consider environmental, cultural, and economic conditions, progress toward achieving and sustaining global coverage of water and sanitation services will be greatly enhanced.In this article, we discuss three main themes about water, sanitation, and health in developing regions. First, water and sanitation services have markedly improved health and engendered many secondary benefits. These benefits could be en-

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Effects of a semi-formal urban settlement on groundwater quality

Cited by 49 publications

References 3 publications

Abundance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence-Associated Genes in Well and Borehole Water Used for Domestic Purposes in a Peri-Urban Community of South Africa

Abundance of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence-Associated Genes in Well and Borehole Water Used for Domestic Purposes in a Peri-Urban Community of South Africa

Diarrheal disease risk in rural Bangladesh decreases as tubewell density increases: a zero-inflated and geographically weighted analysis

Water And Sanitation in Developing Countries: Including Health in the Equation

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