“…Nine studies measured self-efficacy (Crawford et al, 2012;Lim et al, 2019;Pouresmail et al, 2019;Seo, 2019;Su et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2018;Wen et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2013). Six studies used the Stoma Self-Efficacy Scale (Lim et al, 2019;Pouresmail et al, 2019;Su et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2013), and three studies developed their own self-efficacy scales (Crawford et al, 2012;Seo, 2019;Wen et al, 2019).…”