Effect of placement of fertilizer and sprinkler irrigation on the development of spring cereals on the basis of root investigations

Kähäri, Jorma; Elonen, Paavo

doi:10.23986/afsci.71729

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Once again, the same astonishing result was arrived at as in previously reported investigations: irrigation did not diminish the placement effect of fertilizer (Elonen, Nieminen and Kara 1967; Kaila and Elonen 1970). Plants grow around the rows with placed fertilizer thick root clusters, which thirstily suck the ground dry and the watering of which is probably particularly advantageous (Kähäri and Elonen 1969). After the irrigation, the ground dries up once more, first at the surface and only later at the placement depth; accordingly, irrigation is likely to improve for a longer time the utilization of placed nutrients than of those applied onto the surface.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland IV. The effect of repeated applications of water and nitrogen fertilization on spring cereals

Elonen

Kara²

1972

AFSci

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In 1967 and 1968, in the month of June, irrigation of silty clay soil in southern Finland by a single sprinkling, which involved the application of 30 mm of water, increased the yields of spring wheat by an average of between 880 and 970 kg per ha, or 37—51 %, and the yields of barley by 1140—1340 kg per ha, or 37—42 %. Repeating the irrigation after about one week further increased the wheat yields on the average by from 670 to 800 kg per ha and the barley yields between 810 and 860 kg per ha. The effect of the irrigation on the size of the yields was virtually of the same magnitude both years in spite of the fact that in 1967 both June and July were extremely dry months, whereas in 1968 the dry June was followed by a rainy July. The sprinkling affected the ripening of the grain, on the other hand, differently each year: slightly retarding the ripening in 1967 but considerably hastening it in 1968. In the latter year, the irrigation prevented detrimental late tillering and thereby augmented the hectoliter weight and 1000-grain weight of the crops. In response to the one-time sprinkling, the protein content of the grains decreased in the case of the wheat by an average of 1.0—1.3 and of the barley by 0.1—0.7 %-units. The effect of two sprinklings was corresponding decreases of 1.9—3.1 and 0.8—1.0 %-units. The application to the seedlings as surface dressing immediately before irrigation of calcium nitrate containing 60 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the protein content of the wheat on the average by 1.6 and of the barley by 1.9 %-units. The nitrogen fertilization thus prevented excessive lowering of the protein content by irrigation and, furthermore, considerably intensified the salutary effect of the irrigation in augmenting the yield. A disadvantage of abundant nitrogen fertilization was a slight retardation of ripening. The placement of basal dressing with a fertilizer drill at a depth of 9 cm proved effective, particularly in 1967, when both the wheat and the barley yields increased 22 per cent in comparison with the effect of surface dressing. Use of the fertilizer drill, moreover, promoted the ripening process. Sprinkling did not appear to reduce the placement effect of the fertilizer; rather did these two methods form an exceedingly favorable combination.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland IV. The effect of repeated applications of water and nitrogen fertilization on spring cereals

Elonen

Kara²

1972

AFSci

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“…The apparent recovery is, on average, the following: It is likely that the higher uptake of nitrogen from the irrigated soil is to some extent due to a more rapid mineralization of soil nitrogen. On the other hand, the larger root system of the irrigated plants (Kähäri and Elonen 1969) probably contains a larger amount of fertilizer nitrogen than does the smaller root mass in the unirrigated plots. Thus the apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen estimated on the basis of the aerial parts of wheat may be slightly lower than the real uptake of fertilizer nitrogen by the whole plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of irrigation and placement of nitrogen fertilizers on the uptake of nitrogen by spring wheat

Kaila

Elonen

1970

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Field experiments on arable crops seldom account for more than one half of the nitrogen applied in fertilizers (Russell 1961, Cooke 1964, Kaila 1965. This may be attributed to leaching or denitrification, to volatilization or immobilization. In any case, a large part of the expensive fertilizer nitrogen is likely to be wasted.Lack of movement into the root zone of even nitrates applied as surface dressing to spring cereals was demonstrated in Finnish field experiments, and placement or working in of nitrogen fertilizers was recommended (Kaila and Hänninen 1961). Because of the usual dry period in the beginning of the summer in Finland, attention has also been paid to the possibilities of improving the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers by irrigation (Elonen et. ai, 1967).In the present paper results are reported from a field experiment which was conducted to study the influence of sprinkler irrigation, and the placement and chemical composition of the nitrogen fertilizer on the uptake of nitrogen by spring wheat. ExperimentalIn 1969 a large field trial was carried out in southern Finland, in the neighbourhood of Helsinki, in cooperation with the Finnish Research Institute ofAgricultural Engineering.Sprinkler irrigation was studied at four rates, and three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers were either placed or applied as a surface dressing. The uptake of nitrogen by spring wheat was followed by collecting samples of the aerial parts during the growing period.The soil was silty clay with an average clay content of 50 per cent. The pH of the ploughing layer was about 6 (in 0.01 M CaCl 2 ), and the content of organic C was 4-5.5 per cent.The nitrogen fertilizers studied were a Finnish ammonium nitrate-limestone, »Oulun-

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“…nutrients could occasionally be in the crop rows and occasionally between the crop rows. Placement of mineral nutrients has been shown to improve early crop growth and yield because of a shorter distance from the crop seeds to the nutrients and improved availability of the nutrients (Kähäri & Elonen, 1969; Esala & Larpes, 1986; Cochran et al ., 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of liquid manure application method on weed control in spring cereals

Rasmussen¹

2002

Weed Research

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Summary Injection of liquid manure (slurry) into the soil is an alternative to the traditional surface application. By the injection method, it is possible to place nutrients closer to the crop sown, thus offering the crop a competitive advantage over weeds. This study compares the response in crop yield, weed density and weed biomass to injection vs. surface application of liquid manure through three growing seasons in barley and oats. The manure applications were combined with treatments of weed harrowing or herbicide spraying or no treatment at all. The levels of weed control and crop yield obtained by harrowing and herbicides were larger when slurry was injected compared with surface application. Without any weed control treatments, the injection method decreased the final weed biomass in barley. The influence of nutrient injection on yield and weed control seemed to be modulated by the time of emergence and the early growth rate of the crop relative to weeds. Thus, because of its early root growth and development, barley responded more quickly to the injection treatment than oats. Consequently, barley became a more competitive crop.

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Effect of placement of fertilizer and sprinkler irrigation on the development of spring cereals on the basis of root investigations

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland IV. The effect of repeated applications of water and nitrogen fertilization on spring cereals

Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland IV. The effect of repeated applications of water and nitrogen fertilization on spring cereals

Influence of irrigation and placement of nitrogen fertilizers on the uptake of nitrogen by spring wheat

Influence of liquid manure application method on weed control in spring cereals

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