Influence of irrigation and placement of nitrogen fertilizers on the uptake of nitrogen by spring wheat

Self Cite

In 1967 and 1968, in the month of June, irrigation of silty clay soil in southern Finland by a single sprinkling, which involved the application of 30 mm of water, increased the yields of spring wheat by an average of between 880 and 970 kg per ha, or 37—51 %, and the yields of barley by 1140—1340 kg per ha, or 37—42 %. Repeating the irrigation after about one week further increased the wheat yields on the average by from 670 to 800 kg per ha and the barley yields between 810 and 860 kg per ha. The effect of the irrigation on the size of the yields was virtually of the same magnitude both years in spite of the fact that in 1967 both June and July were extremely dry months, whereas in 1968 the dry June was followed by a rainy July. The sprinkling affected the ripening of the grain, on the other hand, differently each year: slightly retarding the ripening in 1967 but considerably hastening it in 1968. In the latter year, the irrigation prevented detrimental late tillering and thereby augmented the hectoliter weight and 1000-grain weight of the crops. In response to the one-time sprinkling, the protein content of the grains decreased in the case of the wheat by an average of 1.0—1.3 and of the barley by 0.1—0.7 %-units. The effect of two sprinklings was corresponding decreases of 1.9—3.1 and 0.8—1.0 %-units. The application to the seedlings as surface dressing immediately before irrigation of calcium nitrate containing 60 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the protein content of the wheat on the average by 1.6 and of the barley by 1.9 %-units. The nitrogen fertilization thus prevented excessive lowering of the protein content by irrigation and, furthermore, considerably intensified the salutary effect of the irrigation in augmenting the yield. A disadvantage of abundant nitrogen fertilization was a slight retardation of ripening. The placement of basal dressing with a fertilizer drill at a depth of 9 cm proved effective, particularly in 1967, when both the wheat and the barley yields increased 22 per cent in comparison with the effect of surface dressing. Use of the fertilizer drill, moreover, promoted the ripening process. Sprinkling did not appear to reduce the placement effect of the fertilizer; rather did these two methods form an exceedingly favorable combination.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland IV. The effect of repeated applications of water and nitrogen fertilization on spring cereals

Elonen

Kara²

1972

Self Cite

“…The nutrient amounts used are 80 -140 kg N/ha, 30-70 kg P/ha and 60-200 kg K/ha. In corn production in Finland, placement fertilization has given very good results (Aura 1967, Kaila & Elonen 1970, Esala & Larpes 1986.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different fertilization practices on the growth, yield and dry matter content of carrot

Evers

1988

Abstract. The effects of different fertilization practices on the carrot root and shoot dry weights, yield, dry matter contents and root/shoot ratio were studied in field experiments. Unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, fertirrigations without basic fertilization, fertirrigations with basic fertilization, and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. In addition, split application was compared to single application of nutrients. The soil nutrient levels were studied by soil analysis. The carrot root and shoot samples were collected three times during the growing period. Cv. Nantes Duke Notabene 370 was grown.The carrot shoots reached their maximum weight already by three months, whereas roots grew slowly during the first two months but grew considerably during both the third and fourth month. The root and shoot dry weights were positively correlated at all sampling dates in both years (r a o.77***), The big photosynthetizing apparatus caused the production of high root yield. The placement fertilization of granular NPK fertilizer increased the yield as compared to broadcast of granular NPK fertilizer (p = 0.009**). The yield was also increased by the placement of P and K as compared to treatments without placement fertilization of P and K (p = 0.03*). There was no difference in yields between single application and split application. Irrigation decreased the yield in 1985 (p = 0.03*). In 1986 the yield was significantly higher than in 1985 (p = 0.000***).At harvest the fertilization did not affect the dry matter content of carrot roots when compared with unfertilized treatments. The difference in dry matter content was greater between years (p = 0.000***) than between fertilization practices (p = 0.05*). The treatment PK placement with N fertirrigations yielded carrots with a higher dry matter content than did the NPK fertirrigation treatments. Besides the fertilization experiment samples from two organically cultivated fields were collected to obtain data concerning organicallycultivated carrots and soils.

“…In order to study the dependence of growth and the nutrient content of cereals on the supply of water and nitrogen, samples of the aerial parts of spring wheat were collected at various stages of development from a field trial on irrigation and placement of nitrogen fertilizers. A part of the results of this trial have been treated from the point of view of the effect of irrigation on the uptake of nitrogen (Kaila and Elonen 1970); in the present study attention is paid to the effect of irrigation and supply of available nitrogen on the growth and the content of nutrients in the wheat plants. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of irrigation and supply of available nitrogen on growth and nutrient content of spring wheat

Kaila

Elonen

1970

Self Cite

The Law of Minimum states that the amount of plant growth is regulated by the factor present in minimum amount. In southern Finland this factor is often water, particularly, when spring cereals are in question, and an improvement in the water supply during the critical period in June will increase the yield, provided no other factor will start to limit the growth. According to recent experience, on mineral soils this second factor may be nitrogen, if not more than the normal amount of fertilizer nitrogen is applied.It is obvious that an increase in the amounts of the minimum factors will have an influence on the metabolism of the plant and on the uptake of other nutrients. Thus, effects both on the quantity and on the quality of the yield may be detected. In order to study the dependence of growth and the nutrient content of cereals on the supply of water and nitrogen, samples of the aerial parts of spring wheat were collected at various stages of development from a field trial on irrigation and placement of nitrogen fertilizers. A part of the results of this trial have been treated from the point of view of the effect of irrigation on the uptake of nitrogen (Kaila and Elonen 1970); in the present study attention is paid to the effect of irrigation and supply of available nitrogen on the growth and the content of nutrients in the wheat plants. ExperimentalThe field trial was carried out in the dry summer 1969 in cooperation with the Finnish Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering. The experimental field was in the neighbourhood of Helsinki, on silty clay soil of about pH 6 (in 0.01 M CaCl 2 ) with 5 per cent of organic carbon and a satisfactory content of exchangeable potassium and »available» phosphorus. 206 As a basal dressing 800 kg/ha of Finnish ammoniated PK-fertilizer was placed in rows at the depth of 8 cm. Thus, 16 kg N, 59 kg P and 100 kg K were applied per hectare.An additional amount of 120 kg N/ha was applied as a Ureaform-preparate, urea, or the Finnish ammonium nitrate limestone »Oulunsalpietari», all of them both as surface dressing or as placement. Since there was no significant difference in the effects of urea and Oulunsalpietari applied in the same way, the results obtained from these plots were combined in the present study. As surface application the effect of these fertilizers was distinctly lower than when they were placed. The response to ureaform remained rather poor, and it was equal in both manners of application. Thus, the supply of available nitrogen in this trial may be taken to represent four rates:Very low: only the basal dressing of 16 kg N/ha. The samples were air-dried at room temperature, and ground in a Wiley mill. Total nitrogen was determined by the common Kjeldahl procedure. The total content of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium was measured from acid ash solution: phosphorus was determined by the ammonium vanadate molybdate method, potassium by an EEL-flame photometer, and magnesium and calcium by a Perkin-Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The...