Effect of Ecofriendly Bio-Based Solvents on Oil Extraction From Green Coffee Bean and Its Industrial Press Cake

Abstract

Oil recovery, retention index, and thermodynamic parameters of green coffee beans (GCB) and its press cake (PC) extraction using bio-based solvents were investigated. The extraction parameters investigated were temperature (35 to 55 °C), type of material (coffee beans and press cake), and type of solvent (ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), at a fixed solvent to solid mass ratio (5:1) (w/w). The fatty acid profile of the ethanolic extract was assessed for both GCB and PC, and compared to the oil obtained from the mechanical pressing. It was observed that higher temperatures affected positively the extraction yields, especially when acetone and ethanol were employed, allowing a recovery up to 90% and 56.7% for GCB and PC, respectively. The solution retained in the raffinate phase from the GCB extraction was greater than that for the PC. For all operational levels, the ∆H and ∆S were positive. ∆G decreased with increasing temperature. Palmitic and linoleic acids were predominant in all types of oil. The oil obtained by pressing showed higher content of linoleic acid (45.32%), while the solventextracted oil from GCB had more palmitic acid (34.79%), and the PC oil presented intermediate levels of all the methyl esters.

Evaluation of the phytoconstituents of Auricularia auricula-judae mushroom and antimicrobial activity of its protein extract

“…The phytochemical analysis of crude extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrate (43.15 %; 38.30 %), proteins (23.75 %; 23.75 %), flavonoids (1.20 %; 0.80 %), alkaloids (0.60 %; 1.00 %), saponin (6.00 %; 2.40 %), tannin (1.65 %; 1.57 %), cyanide (0.24 %; 0.40 %), ash (12.40 %; 10.40 %), moisture (6.00 %;6.00 %), lipids (6.00 %;6.00 %), and fiber (8.70 %; 6.45 %), which was in line with the works of Essien et al [ 29 ], Khan et al [ 30 ], and Deka et al [ 31 ]. Although the amount of protein extracted by the two solvents did not differ in this study, previous reports have shown that the type of solvent used in the extraction, temperature, pH, duration of extraction, and the presence of interfering materials can affect the extraction process [ 32 , 33 ]. The results of this study revealed variable antimicrobial effects of the protein extracts on the selected organisms confirming the works of Tehrani et al [ 13 ], and Kavitha et al [ 34 ] which recorded that Tris buffer and ultrasonic-assisted protein extracts of Agaricus mushroom were active against S. aureus, B. substilli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, and E. coli .…”

Extraction modeling, kinetics, and thermodynamics of solvent extraction of Irvingia gabonensis kernel oil, for possible industrial application

“…This oil (solute) linked to the solid matrix of the kernel particles by either physical or chemical forces must be transported to the solvent phase by dissolution process. 37 For this to occur, three important steps have to be taken into consideration: (1) solvent penetration into the seed matrix (tissue), (2) intercellular miscella formation, and (3) extracted oil diffusion into the exterior miscella. 29 In other words, mathematical modeling of oil extraction kinetics from seeds and nuts is an activity of great importance.…”

“…Such model must consider the phase behavior, state of equilibrium, solubility, diffusion, and dissolution of the process. 37,38 Several models have been used by researchers in the study of oil extraction kinetics process for oil seeds like, olive cake, 39 sunflower, 40,41 rapeseed (canola). 29 Although extraction kinetics has been extensively studied by many researchers, there is limited or no studies, available in the literature on oil extraction kinetics, thermodynamics and modeling of IGKO extraction, hence, the justification for the present study.…”

“…In other words, the kinetics of IGKO extraction consists of the release of oil from porous or cellular matrices, into the solvent through the process of mass transfer mechanisms. This oil (solute) linked to the solid matrix of the kernel particles by either physical or chemical forces must be transported to the solvent phase by dissolution process 37 . For this to occur, three important steps have to be taken into consideration: (1) solvent penetration into the seed matrix (tissue), (2) intercellular miscella formation, and (3) extracted oil diffusion into the exterior miscella 29 .…”

“…In order to achieve this, the estimated process parameters, needs to be used in the development of the model. Such model must consider the phase behavior, state of equilibrium, solubility, diffusion, and dissolution of the process 37,38 . Several models have been used by researchers in the study of oil extraction kinetics process for oil seeds like, olive cake, 39 sunflower, 40,41 rapeseed (canola) 29 …”