Effect of cold acclimatization on exercise economy in the cold

Muller, Matthew D.; Kim, Chul Ho; Bellar, David; Ryan, Edward J.; Seo, Yongsuk; Müller, S.; Glickman, Ellen L.

doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2038-5

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, cold muscle temperatures did cause an increase in stride frequency and decrease in stride length which were attributed to a change in muscle tendon elasticity. Interestingly, cold acclimatization has been shown to reduce the VO 2 at any given power output during cycle ergometry (167), although the use of independent groups makes a definitive conclusion tentative.…”

Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Castellani

Tipton

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

108

115

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Cold weather can have deleterious effects on health, tolerance, and performance. This paper will review the physiological responses and external factors that impact cold tolerance and physical performance. Tolerance is defined as the ability to withstand cold stress with minimal changes in physiological strain. Physiological and pathophysiological responses to short-term (cold shock) and long-term cold water and air exposure are presented. Factors (habituation, anthropometry, sex, race, and fitness) that influence cold tolerance are also reviewed. The impact of cold exposure on physical performance, especially aerobic performance, has not been thoroughly studied. The few studies that have been done suggest that aerobic performance is degraded in cold environments. Potential physiological mechanisms (decreases in deep body and muscle temperature, cardiovascular, and metabolism) are discussed. Likewise, strength and power are also degraded during cold exposure, primarily through a decline in muscle temperature. The review also discusses the concept of thermoregulatory fatigue, a reduction in the thermal effector responses of shivering and vasoconstriction, as a result of multistressor factors, including exhaustive exercise.

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Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Castellani

Tipton

2015

Comprehensive Physiology

108

115

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“…Muller et al 87) reported that cold weather athletes, who practiced American football in cold air (0°C on average), showed a greater exercise economy (smaller oxygen uptake for a given submaximal workload) during bicycle exercise in 5°C air compared to a physically active control group. It was speculated, without supporting data, that improved buffering of lactate or utilization of different muscle fiber types could be a mechanism underpinning the greater exercise economy.…”

Section: Enhancement Of Cold Induced Vasodilatationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise performance in acute and chronic cold exposure

Wakabayashi

Oksa

Tipton

2015

JPFSM

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This review focuses on the suppression of physical performance in a cold environment and the underlying physiological mechanisms. There are many situations where humans have to perform physical activities in a cold environment. Cold environments often limit exercise and working performance by impairing functions such as force production, velocity, power and manual dexterity. A muscle temperature of around 27°C is assumed to be a critical temperature below which maximal voluntary isometric force starts to decrease. The endurance time of submaximal isometric contractions peak at muscle temperatures of 27 to 28°C and decrease rapidly above and below these temperatures. Dynamic exercise performance, especially fast velocity movement, is generally more disturbed by cooling than isometric contractions. Additionally, the effect of cold adaptation on exercise performance, and the potential related mechanisms are summarized here based on a limited number of studies. Since the involuntary muscle contraction of shivering disturbs fine motor control, habituation of shivering, which is an example of cold adaptation, potentially improves exercise performance. Higher hand skin temperatures, induced by greater cold induced vasodilatation after local cold adaptation, could improve manual dexterity. Since there have been few studies testing the effect of cold adaptation on exercise performance in a cold environment, further studies seem warranted.

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“…In humans, attenuated metabolic responses associated with cold habituation have been linked to improvements in exercise economy in the cold [i.e. lower oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange ratio (RER)] [ 137 ]. A lower RER is reflective of preferential fat oxidation, which may provide a beneficial cross-adaptation effect at altitude if carbohydrate utilization is spared for exercise performance.…”

Section: Cross-adaptation: Cold Habituation and Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers

et al. 2021

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Habituation is an adaptation seen in many organisms, defined by a reduction in the response to repeated stimuli. Evolutionarily, habituation is thought to benefit the organism by allowing conservation of metabolic resources otherwise spent on sub-lethal provocations including repeated cold exposure. Hypermetabolic and/or insulative adaptations may occur after prolonged and severe cold exposures, resulting in enhanced cold defense mechanisms such as increased thermogenesis and peripheral vasoconstriction, respectively. Habituation occurs prior to these adaptations in response to short duration mild cold exposures, and, perhaps counterintuitively, elicits a reduction in cold defense mechanisms demonstrated through higher skin temperatures, attenuated shivering, and reduced cold sensations. These habituated responses likely serve to preserve peripheral tissue temperature and conserve energy during non-life threatening cold stress. The purpose of this review is to define habituation in general terms, present evidence for the response in non-human species, and provide an up-to-date, critical examination of past studies and the potential physiological mechanisms underlying human cold habituation. Our aim is to stimulate interest in this area of study and promote further experiments to understand this physiological adaptation.

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Effect of cold acclimatization on exercise economy in the cold

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Exercise performance in acute and chronic cold exposure

Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers

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