Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Castellani, John W.; Tipton, Michael J.

doi:10.1002/cphy.c140081

Cited by 108 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 236 publications

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“…). However, the synergistic effects of prior exercise training and cold exposure remain poorly understood (Castellani & Tipton, ). In this study, we show that prior exercise training by VWR alters the response to cold exposure, in which mice are protected against cold‐induced weight loss and reductions in rectal temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prior exercise training improves cold tolerance independent of indices associated with non‐shivering thermogenesis

Knuth

Peppler

Townsend

et al. 2018

The Journal of Physiology

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Shivering is one of the first defences against cold, and as skeletal muscle fatigues there is an increased reliance on non-shivering thermogenesis. Brown and beige adipose tissues are the primary thermogenic tissues regulating this process. Exercise has also been shown to increase the thermogenic capacity of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Whether exercise has an effect on the adaptations to cold stress within adipose tissue and skeletal muscle remains to be shown. Male C57BL/6 mice were either subjected to voluntary wheel running or remained sedentary for 12 days. Exercise led to decreased body weight and increased glucose tolerance. Mice were then divided into groups kept at 25°C room temperature or a cold challenge of 4°C for 48 h. Exercised mice were protected against cold-induced reductions in weight and in parallel with increased food intake. Providing exercised mice with the same amount of food as sedentary mice eliminated the protection against cold-induced weight loss. Cold exposure led to greater reductions in rectal temperature in sedentary compared to exercised mice. This protective effect was not explained by differences in the browning of white adipose tissue or brown adipose tissue mass. Similarly, the ability of the β -adrenergic agonist CL 316,243 to increase energy expenditure was attenuated in previously exercised mice, suggesting that the activation of uncoupling protein-1 in brown and/or beige adipocytes is not the source of protective effects. We speculate that the protection against cold-induced reductions in rectal temperature could potentially be linked to exercise-induced alterations in skeletal muscle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prior exercise training improves cold tolerance independent of indices associated with non‐shivering thermogenesis

Knuth

Peppler

Townsend

et al. 2018

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Future studies should investigate this question. Finally, it is possible that humans may adapt technologically and physiologically to warmer climates with behaviours not seen in the historical data 42,52,53 .…”

Section: Nature Human Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 93%

Climate change may alter human physical activity patterns

2017

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Regular physical activity supports healthy human functioning 1-3 . Might climate change-by modifying the environmental determinants of human physical activity-alter exercise rates in the future 4 ? Here we conduct an empirical investigation of the relationship between meteorological conditions, physical activity and future climate change. Using data on reported participation in recreational physical activity from over 1.9 million US survey respondents between 2002 and 2012, coupled with daily meteorological data, we show that both cold and acutely hot temperatures, as well as precipitation days, reduce physical activity. We combine our historical estimates with output from 21 climate models and project the possible physical activity effects of future climatic changes by 2050 and 2099. Our projection indicates that warming over the course of this century may increase net recreational physical activity in the United States. Activity may increase most during the winter in northern states and decline most during the summer in southern states.At a physiological level, too little exercise can produce costly health outcomes like obesity 1 , cardiovascular disease 3 and diabetes 2 , and insufficient physical activity is a leading cause of death in the United States 5 . Sedentary lifestyles are also associated with psychological concerns such as impaired cognitive performance 6 and a greater risk of clinical depression and anxiety 7 . Human well-being clearly suffers from insufficient physical activity. Yet even in spite of its substantial benefits, people in many countries participate in below-recommended levels of physical activity 8 and are becoming increasingly sedentary 9 .Further, external factors such as urban and workplace design 10 , social relations 11 and environmental characteristics shape behaviours regarding when, where and the extent to which humans are physically active. Of the environmental factors affecting physical activity rates, temperature plays a noteworthy role 12 . When it is too cold or too hot, adults perform less physical activity, resulting in more sedentary lifestyles. This reduction is mostly due to the nature of adult physical activity: the vast majority of exercise-related physical activity occurs outdoors 13 . When it is too cold or to hot to go outdoors-for a walk, a jog, or to garden-many simply forgo physical activity entirely.These facts combine to suggest that weather and climate may be substantial determinants of behavioural patterns that underlie costly public health crises. Here we report on the effect of meteorological conditions on participation in recreational physical activity of over 1.9 million US residents between 2002 and 2012. Using these data, we examine four questions. First, what weather conditions are most conducive to individual participation in physical activities? Second, do the effects of temperature on physical activity vary by demographic factors like weight and age? Third, how might climate change alter the distribution of physical activity throughout the month...

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“…Yet, as both cold exposure and exercise separately increase cardiovascular strain, information of their combined effects are needed. At present aerobic performance in the cold has not been comprehensively documented [12], and even less among persons with cardiovascular diseases. For example, symptoms of angina in the cold [13,81] may prevent individuals from practising regular exercise.…”

Section: Research Gaps and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both cold exposure and exercise separately augment cardiovascular strain. Studies from healthy persons suggest that cardiovascular responses are further potentiated during exercise in a cold compared with a warm environment [12]. Having a cardiovascular disease may further aggravate these responses, but has not been comprehensively studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular diseases, cold exposure and exercise

Ikäheimo

2018

Temperature

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Both acute and prolonged cold exposure affect cardiovascular responses, which may be modified by an underlying cardiovascular disease. In addition, exercise in a cold environment increases cardiovascular strain further, but its effects among persons with cardiovascular diseases are not well known. Controlled studies employing whole-body or local cold exposure demonstrate comparable or augmented increase in cardiac workload, but aggravated cutaneous vasoconstriction in persons with mild hypertension. A strong sympathetic stimulation of a cold pressor test, increases cardiac workload in persons with coronary artery disease (CAD), but does not markedly differ from those with less severe disease or healthy. However, cold exposure reduces myocardial oxygen supply in CAD, which may lead to ischemia. Exercise in cold often augments cardiac workload in persons with CAD more than when performed in thermoneutral conditions. At the same time, reduced myocardial perfusion may lead to earlier ischemia, angina and impaired performance. Also having a heart failure deteriorates submaximal and maximal performance in the cold. Antianginal medication is beneficial in the cold in lowering blood pressure, but does not affect the magnitude of coldrelated cardiovascular responses in hypertension. Similarly, the use of blood pressure lowering medication improves exercise performance in cold both among persons with CAD and heart failure. Both the acute and seasonal effects of cold and added with exercise may contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality of those with cardiovascular diseases. Yet, more controlled studies for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms behind the adverse cold-related health effects are warranted.

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Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance

Cited by 108 publications

References 236 publications

Prior exercise training improves cold tolerance independent of indices associated with non‐shivering thermogenesis

Prior exercise training improves cold tolerance independent of indices associated with non‐shivering thermogenesis

Climate change may alter human physical activity patterns

Cardiovascular diseases, cold exposure and exercise

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