Effect of calcination temperature on characterization of natural hydroxyapatite prepared from carp fish bones

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite is one of the most common bio-ceramic materials which is currently used in the biomedical field. The development of hydroxyapatite is due to their crystallographic and chemical similarity to the hard tissue of human body. The present study aims to prepare hydroxyapatite from a bio-waste material (carp fish bone) as an ecofriendly and inexpensive source by calcination treatment. The calcination process was applied at various calcining temperatures; the heating rate was kept constant at 10 °C min −1. FTIR results proved the formation of hydroxyapatite at 950 °C due to the founding peaks corresponding to phosphate (632 cm −1) and hydroxyl (3572 cm −1). XRD analysis confirmed the formation of HAp at 950 °C by the presence three main peaks: (211), (112), and (300), which correspond to the characteristic peaks of hydroxyapatite. Raman analyses which displayed the calcining process remove organic components from a bones matrix. AFM showed that the size of particles is ranged between nano and microns. EDS analysis found that the Ca/P reaches 1.6589 for fish bone after calcination at 950 °C, which is close to stoichiometric HAp (1.67).

Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and low free fatty acid waste cooking oil using a cesium modified natural phosphate catalyst

“…SEM micrographs of the NP showed that this mineral had a heterogeneous microstructure and is mainly composed of particles of irregular geometries in the agglomerated form. 47 SEM images of the 10CsCl/NP-800 illustrate that the surface morphology of the prepared catalyst become more compact and dense in which the catalyst particles adopt a morphology of blocks. Moreover, the catalyst particles tend to agglomerate aer being impregnated with CsCl because cesium covers all the pores and surface of the NP, resulting in a very dense and highly agglomerated microstructure.…”

Low‐cost synthesis of nano‐hydroxyapatite from carp bone waste: Effect of calcination time and temperature

“…41 The FTIR bands of 3572 cm −1 and 632 cm −1 are associated with hydroxyl group (O-H). 19,42 The peaks of phosphate ions belonging to 1030-1100, 962, 603, 569, and 473 cm −1 were detected which are almost same as. 43 The bands usually appeared in the range of 3440-3412 cm −1 are representative of water molecule, 44 these peaks were identified in all of our samples.…”

“…These peaks, which are shown by black arrows for S 8 sample (continuous: main peaks and dash: weak peaks) in Figure 2C, are in agreement with previous research. 19,[32][33][34][35] Reyes-Gasga and Becerril 35 extracted HA from human permanent molar teeth by heat treatment at different temperatures. The authors similarly found the TCP peaks at higher temperatures (1000°C and 1200°C).…”

“…bioresource, bone waste, calcination, carp fish, ecofriendly synthesis, hydroxyapatite protocols based on the calcination method. 19 Moreover, the structure and composition of fish extracted HA has shown superior biocompatibility due to non-cytotoxicity and handling properties, demonstrating advantages. 20 Another important benefit of fish extracted HA is its positive effect on environment because using fish bones considerably reduces the waste, and the extraction process is an environmentally friendly approach which is cost-effective and therefore can reduce the costs of bone repair or replacement.…”

“…HA can be simply synthesized or extracted from the natural sources, including eggshell, seashell, bovine, or fish bones 14‐18 . Fish bone as an alternative natural source for HA production recently has received a lot of attention because of low cost and easy manufacturing regarding the many protocols based on the calcination method 19 . Moreover, the structure and composition of fish extracted HA has shown superior biocompatibility due to non‐cytotoxicity and handling properties, demonstrating advantages 20 .…”