Low‐cost synthesis of nano‐hydroxyapatite from carp bone waste: Effect of calcination time and temperature

Abstract

is a common and popular biomaterial for bone regeneration. About 70% of bone structure and essentially all of the enamel in teeth are composed of HA. It has been used in orthopedic and dental applications such as dental implants, bone grafts, orthopedic implants, and bone scaffolds. [1][2][3][4][5] The reason is the excellent bioactivity, adequate mechanical characteristics, osteoconductive, and angiogenic properties, without toxicity, inflammatory, or antigenic reactions. 6 Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA), particularly, is considered as one of the most biocompatible and bioactive materials that has been used and accepted in orthopedics and dentistry. [7][8][9] For example, it has been extensively used in periodontics and in oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures. The inorganic part of bone extra cellular matrix (ECM) contains nano-sized crystallites of calcium phosphate similar to HA. 10 Nano-HA has an outstanding osteoinductive capacity and improves bone-to-implant integration. 11 This nanomaterial also has been employed in the products used for oral care to treat the dentin hypersensitivity (DH) and promote enamel demineralization. It has been shown that nano-HA is capable of reducing the pain associated with DH because the nanoparticles are very small and can readily enter and fill the tubules in dentin. These nanoparticles precipitate inside the dentin tubules and block the nerves interaction with the external stimuli. They can also set down onto the surface of enamel and demineralize the early enamel caries, leading to a new apatite layer formation, which subsequently increases the enamel surface hardness and therefore prevents the tooth decay. These benefits are due to high similarity of morphology and crystal structure of nano-HA with tooth enamel. 12,13 HA can be simply synthesized or extracted from the natural sources, including eggshell, seashell, bovine, or fish bones. [14][15][16][17][18] Fish bone as an alternative natural source for HA production recently has received a lot of attention because of low cost and easy manufacturing regarding the many

Bone Scaffolds: An Incorporation of Biomaterials, Cells, and Biofactors

“…Among different calcium phosphates, hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a popular ceramic widely used in bone regeneration and other orthopedic and dentistry applications. − It is a naturally occurring calcium phosphate with the highest inorganic concentration in human bones. It is known that the solubility of HAP is low in physiological environments compared to other calcium phosphates; however, factors such as impurities, substitution elements, synthesis approach, and microstructure may affect its solubility. ,− HAP is an osteoconductive material but not osteoinductive; thus, its surface is a site for nucleating bone minerals in body fluids .…”

Design and synthesis of berberine loaded nano-hydroxyapatite/gelatin scaffold for bone cancer treatment

“…The spectrum represents all characteristic absorption peaks of n-HA including the phosphate ions (PO 4 3À ) as the HA main molecular components which appeared in the 550-1200 cm À1 region. 35 The characteristic peaks detected at 827 cm À1 and 1043 cm À1 are related to the stretching vibration of PO 4 3À and at 557 cm À1 to the bending of PO 4 3À . 36 The OH ions are other major components of HA, which were identified at about 630 cm À1 , 1637 cm À1 (in plane H-O-H bending) and 2500-3600 cm À1 .…”

“…The FTIR spectrum was recorded in the wavenumber range of 4000-400 cm -1 . The spectrum represents all characteristic absorption peaks of n-HA including the phosphate ions (PO4 3-) as the HA main molecular components which appeared in the 550-1200 cm -1 region [30]. The characteristic peaks detected at 827 cm -1 and 1043 cm -1 are related to the stretching vibration of PO4 3and at 557 cm -1 to the bending of PO4 3-[31].…”

On the osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells by a fabricated porous nano-hydroxyapatite scaffold loaded with sodium fluoride

“…Then, they were air-dried, completely. Subsequently they were crushed and placed in an electric furnace to sinter at 700 °C for 5 hours (20). To con rm the formed phases in the powder, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was done (Bruker, D8-advance).…”

“…Ceramic materials are also used to make hard tissue scaffolds (19), one of which is hydroxyapatite (HA). About 70% of bones, 96% of enamel, 70% of dentin and 45% of cementum are made of HA nanocrystals (20,21). Hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible and bioactive material with suitable mechanical properties (22).…”