Economical recycling process for spent lithium-ion batteries and macro- and micro-scale mechanistic study

Li, Li; Bian, Yifan; Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Xue, Qilong; Fan, Ersha; Wu, Feng; Chen, Renjie

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.12.006

Cited by 199 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The good electrochemical performance suggests that lactic acid serves as a potent chelating agent, which is necessary to generate uniform nucleation sites and small crystallite sizes during calcination . In subsequent work, a similar resynthesis protocol was used to compare the performance of acetic and maleic acid . Although both acids were optimized to reach high leaching efficiencies for all metals (>97%), the electrochemical performance of regenerated NMC from maleic acid was significantly improved compared to acetic acid with respect to initial discharge capacity, cycle stability, and rate capability.…”

Section: Cathode Resynthesis Directly From Leachatementioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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Section: Cathode Resynthesis Directly From Leachatementioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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“…This is attributed to the need of models and technologies for accurate estimation of a battery's RUL for different high-impact applications, including mobility applications in EVs [32]. Additionally, LIBs are the most promising power source for EVs due to their numerous benefits, like being lightweight, their high energy density, and relatively low self-discharge compared to nickel-cadmium (NI-cad) and NiMH batteries [33,34]. Battery health management and RUL estimation are performed in order to ascertain the current and previous battery states and to predict the future state and RUL.…”

Section: Health Management Systems For Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is explained by the way it has caught the market share in commercialization in consumer electronics, such as cell phones, laptops, video cameras, digital cameras, power tools, and other portable electronic devices [46]. LIBs have many advantages which include [1,34,46,91,94,95]:…”

Section: Technological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Health Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries of Electric Vehicles

2018

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The battery is the most ideal power source of the twenty-first century, and has a bright future in many applications, such as portable consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), military and aerospace systems, and power storage for renewable energy sources, because of its many advantages that make it the most promising technology. EVs are viewed as one of the novel solutions to land transport systems, as they reduce overdependence on fossil energy. With the current growth of EVs, it calls for innovative ways of supplementing EVs power, as overdependence on electric power may add to expensive loads on the power grid. However lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for EVs have high capacity, and large serial/parallel numbers, when coupled with problems like safety, durability, uniformity, and cost imposes limitations on the wide application of lithium-ion batteries in EVs. These LIBs face a major challenge of battery life, which research has shown can be extended by cell balancing. The common areas under which these batteries operate with safety and reliability require the effective control and management of battery health systems. A great deal of research is being carried out to see that this technology does not lead to failure in the applications, as its failure may lead to catastrophes or lessen performance. This paper, through an analytical review of the literature, gives a brief introduction to battery management system (BMS), opportunities, and challenges, and provides a future research agenda on battery health management. With issues raised in this review paper, further exploration is essential.

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“…Subsequent recycling of the battery's internal materials after second life further increases the CO 2 balance [11]. In [12], Li et al developed an NMC cathode recycling method where more than 98% of the materials could be leached out. Only the combination of long use and recycling makes the permanent use of batteries feasible in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Run to Failure: Aging of Commercial Battery Cells beyond Their End of Life

et al. 2020

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The aim of this work is to age commercial battery cells far beyond their expected lifetime. There is a gap in the literature regarding run to failure tests of lithium-ion batteries that this work intends to address. Therefore, twenty new Samsung ICR18650-26F cells were aged as a battery pack in a run to failure test. Aging took place with a constant load current and a constant charge current to accelerate capacity decrease. Important aging parameters such as capacity and internal resistance were measured at each cycle to monitor their development. The end of the test was initiated by the explosion of a single battery cell, after which the battery pack was disassembled and all parameters of the still intact single cells were measured. The distribution of all measured capacities and internal resistances is displayed graphically. This clearly shows the influence of the exploded cell on the cells in its immediate vicinity. Selected cells from this area of the battery were subjected to computed tomography (CT) to detect internal defects. The X-rays taken with computed tomography showed clear damage within the jelly roll, as well as the triggered safety mechanisms.

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Economical recycling process for spent lithium-ion batteries and macro- and micro-scale mechanistic study

Cited by 199 publications

References 50 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Review on Health Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries of Electric Vehicles

Run to Failure: Aging of Commercial Battery Cells beyond Their End of Life

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