Durability of the Sizing Degree of AKD and ASA Sized Papers Investigated by Contact Angle Measurements and ToF-SIMS

Seppänen, Rauni

doi:10.1080/01932690802646330

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) is used in papermaking to slow down the absorption of liquid water into the paper. AKD is a waxy organic compound composed of two hydrophobic aliphatic chains and a reactive ketene group (Seppänen 2007;Lindström and Larson 2008). AKD is typically delivered to paper mills as water dispersions stabilized by a cationic polymer such as cationic starch Hubbe 2006).…”

Section: Bioresourcescommentioning

confidence: 99%

Wet tensile strength development of PAE wet-strengthened NBSK handsheets by AKD internal sizing

Korpela

Jaiswal

Tanaka

et al. 2022

BioRes

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Polyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) is used in papermaking to increase the paper’s wet strength. High levels of PAE can make repulping of paper more difficult. PAE deposits can also impair paper machine performance by plugging the paper machine felts. The results of a preceding study indicated that the wet strength of paper containing a moderate amount of PAE (added amount 0.3 wt%) can be increased by utilizing internal alkylketene dimer (AKD) sizing. In the present study, the effects of an added amount of PAE and AKD on the wet strength of handsheets made from Nordic bleached softwood pulp (NBSK) were examined. The wet strength was measured after soaking the sheets in ion-exchanged water for up to 1 month. The improving effect of AKD sizing on the wet strength was long-lasting and it was apparent especially with a low and moderate added amount of PAE (0.15 and 0.45 wt%) resulting in higher wet strength than the highest added amount of PAE (1.35 wt%) alone. No clear sign of worsened repulpability was observed at low to moderate treatment levels. The results suggest that use of small or moderate amounts of PAE with AKD can be a viable option for paper mills facing problems related to the high usage of PAE.

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Section: Bioresourcescommentioning

confidence: 99%

Wet tensile strength development of PAE wet-strengthened NBSK handsheets by AKD internal sizing

Korpela

Jaiswal

Tanaka

et al. 2022

BioRes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nonetheless, the composition Hydro 2 , where the CNF content accounts for 1.25%, did not maintain the high contact angle of the first two seconds. In any case, all these combinations of AKD and ASA yielded contact angle values in the same order of magnitude, as if using them separately [ 32 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Barrier Properties of Paper to Moisture, Air, and Grease with Nanocellulose-Based Coating Suspensions

et al. 2022

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Food packaging manufacturers often resort to lamination, typically with materials which are neither non-biodegradable nor biobased polymers, to confer barrier properties to paper and cardboard. The present work considers a greener solution: enhancing paper’s resistance to moisture, grease, and air by aqueous coating suspensions. For hydrophobization, a combined approach between nanocellulose and common esterifying agents was considered, but the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) remained excessively high for the goal of wrapping moisture-sensitive products (>600 g m−2 d−1). Nonetheless, oil-repellant surfaces were effectively obtained with nanocellulose, illite, sodium alginate, and/or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), reaching Kit ratings up to 11. Regarding air resistance, mineral-rich coatings attained values above 1000 Gurley s. In light of these results, nanocellulose, minerals, PVA, pullulan, alginate, and a non-ionic surfactant were combined for multi-purpose coating formulations. It is hypothesized that these materials decrease porosity while complementing each other’s flaws, e.g., PVA succeeds at decreasing porosity but has low dimensional stability. As an example, a suspension mostly constituted by nanocellulose, sizing agents, minerals and PVA yielded a WVTR of roughly 100 g m−2 d−1, a Kit rating of 12, and an air resistance above 300 s/100 mL. This indicates that multi-purpose coatings can be satisfactorily incorporated into paper structures for food packaging applications, although not as the food contact layer.

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“…However, it is essential to understand that hydrolysis of the ester bond (of AKD and ASA) between the sized molecules and polymer can result in sizing reversion over time. This is explained in the literature as a phenomenon of loss of size response [33], [35], [36], [42]- [44].…”

Section: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝛾 𝑆𝐺 −𝛾 𝑆𝐿 𝛾 𝐺𝐿mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AKD efficiency depends on temperature and takes a longer time to cure. At a higher temperature, AKD is expected to perform better [33]- [35], [43]. The efficiency of ASA-sized handsheets could also be retarded by its speedy hydrolysis [36], [43].…”

Section: A Dielectric Dissipation Factor Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Hydrophilic Characteristics of Kraft Paper Insulation by Reinforcing With Surface Modified Rutile-TiO₂ Nanoparticles

et al. 2022

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The hydrophilic nature of cellulose compromises the dielectric properties of kraft paper insulation when exposed to water and moisture. The effort to address this setback is an ongoing research enquiry. In the present work, surface-modified rutile-titanium dioxide nanoparticles (rutile-TiO2 NPs) are reinforced into cellulose pulp to fabricate a nanocomposite kraft paper insulation. Surface modification of the nano-filler particles is intended to reduce the hydrophilicity of the resultant nanocomposite kraft paper insulation. The nanoparticles (rutile-TiO2 NPs) improve other dielectric properties of the insulation. The chemicals used for the surface modification of the rutile-TiO2 NPs were the alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA). The nanofiller retention, r dispersion and hydrophobic properties of the resultant reinforced kraft paper were experimentally analyzed. The results show that more than 50% of the nanofillers were retained within the reinforced kraft paper. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed evenly distributed nanofillers, with some traces of agglomeration. The moisture absorption property of the kraft paper specimen modified with rutile-TiO2 NPs containing 5 vol/vol% ASA improved by 74% compared to the control (reference) specimen. Water vapor transmission rate of the surface-modified nanoparticles reinforced kraft paper insulation decreased by 30%. Compared to the unfilled paper, the contact angle of water droplets on the surface of the reinforced kraft paper improved by 12%. Water absorption rate improved by being 4 times slower in paper specimens containing rutile-TiO2 NPs 5 vol/vol% ASA. Dielectric dissipation factor measurement results showed that the specimen modified with rutile-TiO2 NPs containing 5 vol/vol% had 40% lower dielectric losses than the reference samples. This study, therefore, has successfully improved the hydrophobic properties of kraft paper by filling it with surface-modified rutile TiO2 using 5% ASA as the nanoparticle surfactant.

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Durability of the Sizing Degree of AKD and ASA Sized Papers Investigated by Contact Angle Measurements and ToF-SIMS

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Wet tensile strength development of PAE wet-strengthened NBSK handsheets by AKD internal sizing

Wet tensile strength development of PAE wet-strengthened NBSK handsheets by AKD internal sizing

Improving the Barrier Properties of Paper to Moisture, Air, and Grease with Nanocellulose-Based Coating Suspensions

Reducing Hydrophilic Characteristics of Kraft Paper Insulation by Reinforcing With Surface Modified Rutile-TiO₂ Nanoparticles

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Durability of the Sizing Degree of AKD and ASA Sized Papers Investigated by Contact Angle Measurements and ToF-SIMS

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Wet tensile strength development of PAE wet-strengthened NBSK handsheets by AKD internal sizing

Wet tensile strength development of PAE wet-strengthened NBSK handsheets by AKD internal sizing

Improving the Barrier Properties of Paper to Moisture, Air, and Grease with Nanocellulose-Based Coating Suspensions

Reducing Hydrophilic Characteristics of Kraft Paper Insulation by Reinforcing With Surface Modified Rutile-TiO2 Nanoparticles

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Product

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Reducing Hydrophilic Characteristics of Kraft Paper Insulation by Reinforcing With Surface Modified Rutile-TiO₂ Nanoparticles