“…Owing to its low density, high stability, non-toxicity, and non-hazardous characteristics, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is widely employed in catalysis, [8][9][10] sunscreens, 11 paper, 12 batteries 13,14 and other applications. The crystalline forms of TiO 2 can generally be divided into three common types, namely, rutile, anatase and slab titanite, whose smallest structural units are titanium-oxygen octahedral.…”