Background and Objectives: Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable congenital anomalies. Comprehensive country-level data on the burden of CRS in low and middle-income countries, such as Bangladesh, are scarce. This information is essential for assessing the impact of rubella vaccination programs. We aim to systematically review the literature on the epidemiology of CRS and estimate the burden of CRS in Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of existing literature and transmission modelling of seroprevalence studies to estimate the pre-vaccine period burden of CRS in Bangladesh. OVID Medline (1948 – 23 November 2016) and OVID EMBASE (1974 – 23 November 2016) were searched using a combination of the database-specific controlled vocabulary and free text terms. We used an age-stratified deterministic model to estimate the pre-vaccination burden of CRS in Bangladesh. Findings: Ten articles were identified, published between 2000 and 2014, including seven crosssectional studies, two case series and one analytical case-control study. Rubella seropositivity ranged from 47.0% to 86.0% among all age population. Rubella sero–positivity increased with age. Rubella seropositivity among women of childbearing age was 81.0% overall. The estimated incidence of CRS was 0·99 per 1,000 live births, which corresponds to approximately 3,292 CRS cases annually in Bangladesh. Conclusion: The estimated burden of CRS in Bangladesh during the pre-vaccination period was high. This will provide important baseline information to assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of routine rubella immunisation, introduced in 2012 in Bangladesh.
The hydrophilic nature of cellulose compromises the dielectric properties of kraft paper insulation when exposed to water and moisture. The effort to address this setback is an ongoing research enquiry. In the present work, surface-modified rutile-titanium dioxide nanoparticles (rutile-TiO2 NPs) are reinforced into cellulose pulp to fabricate a nanocomposite kraft paper insulation. Surface modification of the nano-filler particles is intended to reduce the hydrophilicity of the resultant nanocomposite kraft paper insulation. The nanoparticles (rutile-TiO2 NPs) improve other dielectric properties of the insulation. The chemicals used for the surface modification of the rutile-TiO2 NPs were the alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA). The nanofiller retention, r dispersion and hydrophobic properties of the resultant reinforced kraft paper were experimentally analyzed. The results show that more than 50% of the nanofillers were retained within the reinforced kraft paper. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed evenly distributed nanofillers, with some traces of agglomeration. The moisture absorption property of the kraft paper specimen modified with rutile-TiO2 NPs containing 5 vol/vol% ASA improved by 74% compared to the control (reference) specimen. Water vapor transmission rate of the surface-modified nanoparticles reinforced kraft paper insulation decreased by 30%. Compared to the unfilled paper, the contact angle of water droplets on the surface of the reinforced kraft paper improved by 12%. Water absorption rate improved by being 4 times slower in paper specimens containing rutile-TiO2 NPs 5 vol/vol% ASA. Dielectric dissipation factor measurement results showed that the specimen modified with rutile-TiO2 NPs containing 5 vol/vol% had 40% lower dielectric losses than the reference samples. This study, therefore, has successfully improved the hydrophobic properties of kraft paper by filling it with surface-modified rutile TiO2 using 5% ASA as the nanoparticle surfactant.
Objective: Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are one of the most heterogeneous and challenging neoplasms affects human. Several biomarkers have been used to study proliferation, angiogenesis, prognosis, metastasis and recurrence of SGTs. The aim of this study was to evaluate, compare and correlate the co-expression of Budding Uninhibited by Benz imidazole Related 1 (BubR1) and Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1) immunomarkers in SGTs. Methods:The immunohistochemical expression of BubR1 and UCHL1 were performed with formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections of 35 retrieved blokes of SGTs. The expression, pattern of reactivity, intensity and subcellular localization of these markers are studied. T-test was used to find statistical difference in expression immunomarkers.Results: All of the cases were positive for both BubR1 and UCHL1. The intensity of reaction differed between the tumor types. A significant difference was seen in the expression of BubR1 in benign versus malignant tumors (P=.002) and pleomorphic adenoma versus mucoepidermoid carcinoma (P=.001). While statistically significant difference was not seen in the expression of UCHL1 between the tumors mentioned above (P=.81 and P=.83, respectively). Finally, there was a significant difference between the expressions of BubR1 and UCHL1 in SGTs (P=.001), indicating a higher expression of UCHL1 in SGTs.Conclusions: UCHL1 has a higher percentage and intensity of reactivity in SGTs as compared to BubR1, While BubR1 is a better immunomarker for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors.
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