Dual functions of GmTOE4a in the regulation of photoperiod-mediated flowering and plant morphology in soybean

Zhao, Xiaohui; Cao, Dong; Huang, Zhi; Wang, Jialin; Lü, Sijia; Xu, Yan; Liu, Baohui; Kong, Fanjiang; Yuan, Xiaohui

doi:10.1007/s11103-015-0322-1

Cited by 27 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…The soybean genome possesses a total of ten FT orthologs, among which six retain the FT function and can promote flowering of Arabidopsis ft mutants [ 22 , 23 ] or Col-0 [ 24 , 25 ]. All of the six homologs could therefore function as potential floral inducers in soybean, although only two of them, FT2a and FT5a , have been extensively characterized in studies of molecular mechanisms of flowering [ 15 , 19 , 22 , 24 , 26 – 28 , 40 , 43 ]. This study demonstrates that different levels of FT2a expression directly regulate natural variation in flowering time in soybean.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various combinations of mutations that occur independently at E1 , E3 , and E4 lead to insensitivity or low sensitivity of flowering to photoperiod [ 29 , 30 ]. Besides the above four genes, a number of soybean orthologs of Arabidopsis flowering genes have been characterized: COL ( CO-like ) [ 25 , 31 ], CRY ( CRYPTOCHROME ) [ 32 , 33 ], FKF1 [ 34 ], FLD ( FLOWERING LOCUS D ) [ 35 ], FUL ( FRUITFULL ) [ 36 ], RAV - like ( RELATED TO ABI3/VP1 - like ) [ 37 ], SOC1 / AGL20 ( SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF COL1/AGAMOUS-LIKE 20 ) [ 38 , 39 ], TARGET OF EAT1 ( TOE ) [ 40 ], and ZTL ( ZEITLUPE ) [ 41 ]. A genome-wide association study also revealed a number of SNPs that were significantly associated with flowering time; some of these SNPs implied an involvement of orthologs to Arabidopsis flowering genes, such as EARLY FLOWERING 8 and SOC1 or AGAMOUS-LIKE 6 , in the control of flowering time in soybean [ 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A recessive allele for delayed flowering at the soybean maturity locus E9 is a leaky allele of FT2a, a FLOWERING LOCUS T ortholog

et al. 2016

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BackgroundUnderstanding the molecular mechanisms of flowering and maturity is important for improving the adaptability and yield of seed crops in different environments. In soybean, a facultative short-day plant, genetic variation at four maturity genes, E1 to E4, plays an important role in adaptation to environments with different photoperiods. However, the molecular basis of natural variation in time to flowering and maturity is poorly understood. Using a cross between early-maturing soybean cultivars, we performed a genetic and molecular study of flowering genes. The progeny of this cross segregated for two maturity loci, E1 and E9. The latter locus was subjected to detailed molecular analysis to identify the responsible gene.ResultsFine mapping, sequencing, and expression analysis revealed that E9 is FT2a, an ortholog of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T. Regardless of daylength conditions, the e9 allele was transcribed at a very low level in comparison with the E9 allele and delayed flowering. Despite identical coding sequences, a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions were detected in the promoter, untranslated regions, and introns between the two cultivars. Furthermore, the e9 allele had a Ty1/copia–like retrotransposon, SORE-1, inserted in the first intron. Comparison of the expression levels of different alleles among near-isogenic lines and photoperiod-insensitive cultivars indicated that the SORE-1 insertion attenuated FT2a expression by its allele-specific transcriptional repression. SORE-1 was highly methylated, and did not appear to disrupt FT2a RNA processing.ConclusionsThe soybean maturity gene E9 is FT2a, and its recessive allele delays flowering because of lower transcript abundance that is caused by allele-specific transcriptional repression due to the insertion of SORE-1. The FT2a transcript abundance is thus directly associated with the variation in flowering time in soybean. The e9 allele may maintain vegetative growth in early-flowering genetic backgrounds, and also be useful as a long-juvenile allele, which causes late flowering under short-daylength conditions, in low-latitude regions.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0704-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A recessive allele for delayed flowering at the soybean maturity locus E9 is a leaky allele of FT2a, a FLOWERING LOCUS T ortholog

et al. 2016

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“…This result demonstrates that GmSBH1 is required for maintaining growth and development in soybean [11]. Overexpression of a flowering time-related APETALA2-like gene GmTOE4a caused late flowering and altered soybean plant morphology (increased stem thickness and reduced plant height, internode length and leaf size) [12], demonstrating that the gene plays a role in the regulation of the photoperiodic flowering pathway in soybean. The miR156 and miR172, microRNA genes, are known to be associated with vegetative phase change.…”

Section: Characterization and Definition Of Soybean Plant Architecturementioning

confidence: 77%

Soybean Architecture Plants: From Solar Radiation Interception to Crop Protection

Chavarria¹,

Caverzan²,

Müller³

et al. 2017

Soybean - The Basis of Yield, Biomass and Productivity

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The soybean plant architecture in relation to better solar radiation interception and production gain is an aspect that requires a better understanding, since soybean is an important crop worldwide. The genetic traits, management and environmental conditions are points that further extend the range of issues on crop productivity. The light quality is measured by the red/far-red (R/FR) ratio (R ∼ 660 nm, FR ∼ 730 nm). This affects the plant growth and morphological developments in different ways. The plant leaves change their angle during the day to better intercept radiation. This heliotropic movement and some computational models together have been used to enhance some agricultural practices. Soybean plant is dependent on the interaction between genotype and environment. Thus, the enhanced understanding in relation to photosynthetic activity, grain yield by light interception efficiency and culture protection managements in soybean are covered.

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“…By analyzing the inner relationships between the genotype and phenotype of a crop, scientists are able to modify the gene sections and thereby improve yields. Crop genetic breeding is a currently a significant research field of interest, and great results have thus far been achieved [4][5][6][7][8]. Compared to genotypes, the phenotype methods have developed much slower [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Morphological Processing for Wheat Spike Phenotypes Using Computed Tomography Images

et al. 2019

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Wheat is the main food crop today world-wide. In order to improve its yields, researchers are committed to understand the relationships between wheat genotypes and phenotypes. Compared to progressive technology of wheat gene section identification, wheat trait measurement is mostly done manually in a destructive, labor-intensive and time-consuming way. Therefore, this study will be greatly accelerated and promoted if we can automatically discover wheat phenotype in a nondestructive and fast manner. In this paper, we propose a novel pipeline based on 3D morphological processing to detect wheat spike grains and stem nodes from 3D X-ray micro computed tomography (CT) images. We also introduce a set of newly defined 3D phenotypes, including grain aspect ratio, porosity, Grain-to-Grain distance, and grain angle, which are very difficult to be manually measured. The analysis of the associations among these traits would be very helpful for wheat breeding. Experimental results show that our method is able to count grains more accurately than normal human performance. By analyzing the relationships between traits and environment conditions, we find that the Grain-to-Grain distance, aspect ratio and porosity are more likely affected by the genome than environment (only tested temperature and water conditions). We also find that close grains will inhibit grain volume growth and that the aspect ratio 3.5 may be the best for higher yield in wheat breeding.

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Dual functions of GmTOE4a in the regulation of photoperiod-mediated flowering and plant morphology in soybean

Cited by 27 publications

References 44 publications

A recessive allele for delayed flowering at the soybean maturity locus E9 is a leaky allele of FT2a, a FLOWERING LOCUS T ortholog

A recessive allele for delayed flowering at the soybean maturity locus E9 is a leaky allele of FT2a, a FLOWERING LOCUS T ortholog

Soybean Architecture Plants: From Solar Radiation Interception to Crop Protection

3D Morphological Processing for Wheat Spike Phenotypes Using Computed Tomography Images

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