Doping engineering of conductive polymer hydrogels and their application in advanced sensor technologies

Ma, Zhong; Wen, Sheng; Yan, Keding; Pan, Lijia; Yu, Guihua

doi:10.1039/c9sc02033k

Cited by 142 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…Common CP-based gas sensors have detection limits of about several ppm (i.e., <100 ppm) and response times in the order of minutes [ 129 ]. Better conductivity, controllable structure, and tunable properties of CP can be achieved by doping or functionalizing the organic structure, which is highly beneficial to obtain better performances [ 131 ]. Moreover, in recent years, 1D- or 2D-CP nanostructures have proven to increase the performance of this type of gas sensors.…”

Section: Gas Sensors For Vocs Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Microfabricated Gas Sensors and Microanalytical Tools for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Odors

Ollé

Farré-Lladós

Casals‐Terré

2020

Sensors

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In recent years, advancements in micromachining techniques and nanomaterials have enabled the fabrication of highly sensitive devices for the detection of odorous species. Recent efforts done in the miniaturization of gas sensors have contributed to obtain increasingly compact and portable devices. Besides, the implementation of new nanomaterials in the active layer of these devices is helping to optimize their performance and increase their sensitivity close to humans’ olfactory system. Nonetheless, a common concern of general-purpose gas sensors is their lack of selectivity towards multiple analytes. In recent years, advancements in microfabrication techniques and microfluidics have contributed to create new microanalytical tools, which represent a very good alternative to conventional analytical devices and sensor-array systems for the selective detection of odors. Hence, this paper presents a general overview of the recent advancements in microfabricated gas sensors and microanalytical devices for the sensitive and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The working principle of these devices, design requirements, implementation techniques, and the key parameters to optimize their performance are evaluated in this paper. The authors of this work intend to show the potential of combining both solutions in the creation of highly compact, low-cost, and easy-to-deploy platforms for odor monitoring.

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Section: Gas Sensors For Vocs Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Microfabricated Gas Sensors and Microanalytical Tools for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Odors

Ollé

Farré-Lladós

Casals‐Terré

2020

Sensors

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“…Polymers are a class of unique organic materials synergizing the advantages of conductors/semiconductors and soft materials [43], [44]. In this section, we will review the facile synthesis and unique properties of polymeric materials in detail that favor their applications in the novel polymer Schottky junction devices.…”

Section: Polymer: Synthesis Properties and Modificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device Based on Polymer Schottky Junctions and Their Applications: A Review

Suo

Zhou

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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Polymeric materials are emerging as an important component for organic electronics due to their combined features of soft materials and organic semiconductor/conductor. Different from solid-state bulk materials, polymers are synthesized and modulated with a facile method, with their controllable properties. Therefore, polymers have been recently used in Schottky junction devices that demonstrate features of enhanced performances, flexibility, and easy processing. Polymer-based Schottky junctions have drawn a lot of interest in several prototype applications like photodetectors, energy harvesters, and gas sensors. With this review, we summarize recent progress in synthesis and modulation of polymers and fabrication of polymer-based Schottky junction devices. Designs of applications of sensory devices like photodetectors, energy harvesters, and gas sensors are also presented.

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“…In particular, the excellent electrical properties of the CP-based biomaterials allow it to be used as signal transmission systems for communicating between various cells (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells, and stem cells) and the materials [3][4][5]. Accordingly, CP-based materials have been applied to materials such as biosensors [6][7][8], neuroprobes [9], tissue engineering scaffolds [3,4], and drug carriers [10][11][12]. This is because the electrical signal can be accurately and incrementally delivered by controlling the degree and duration of the electrical stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, PPy has the disadvantage of being brittle and mechanically unstable due to its conjugated chain structure [16]. Thus, existing CP-based biomaterials have limited use in living bodies because they are too hard and brittle [4,8]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a biomaterial by which CPs could be applied to the soft tissue of a living body.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma Ray-Induced Polymerization and Cross-Linking for Optimization of PPy/PVP Hydrogel as Biomaterial

et al. 2020

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Conducting polymer (CP)-based hydrogels exhibit the behaviors of bending or contraction/relaxation due to electrical stimulation. They are similar in some ways to biological organs and have advantages regarding manipulation and miniaturization. Thus, these hydrogels have attracted considerable interest for biomedical applications. In this study, we prepared PPy/PVP hydrogel with different concentrations and content through polymerization and cross-linking induced by gamma-ray irradiation at 25 kGy to optimize the mechanical properties of the resulting PPy/PVP hydrogel. Optimization of the PPy/PVP hydrogel was confirmed by characterization using scanning electron microscopy, gel fraction, swelling ratio, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, we assessed live-cell viability using live/dead assay and CCK-8 assay, and found good cell viability regardless of the concentration and content of Py/pTS. The conductivity of PPy/PVP hydrogel was at least 13 mS/cm. The mechanical properties of PPy/PVP hydrogel are important factors in their application for biomaterials. It was found that 0.15PPy/PVP20 (51.96 ± 6.12 kPa) exhibited better compressive strength than the other samples for use in CP-based hydrogels. Therefore, it was concluded that gamma rays can be used to optimize PPy/PVP hydrogel and that biomedical applications of CP-based hydrogels will be possible.Polymers 2020, 12, 111 2 of 11 due to its excellent biocompatibility and environmental stability [3,4,14]. In addition, PPy has the advantage of the range of its electrical conductivity spanning from 10 to 100 S/cm [15]. However, PPy has the disadvantage of being brittle and mechanically unstable due to its conjugated chain structure [16]. Thus, existing CP-based biomaterials have limited use in living bodies because they are too hard and brittle [4,8]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a biomaterial by which CPs could be applied to the soft tissue of a living body. To overcome such weaknesses, CPs-based hydrogels have been actively developed [17][18][19]. The multifaceted challenge in tissue engineering is to find an ideal hydrogel prepolymer that can mimic the biology of human tissues in terms of structure, function, and performance [20]. One of the major issues in electroactive and conductive tissue engineering is the fabrication of multifunctional hydrogels with native-like biological, electrical, and mechanical properties. Therefore, the incorporation of conductive nanomaterials into hydrogels has gained substantial interest as it not only increases the electrical conductivity, but also improves the elasticity and biological activity relative to the pure hydrogel [21,22].Hydrogel is a three-dimensional network structure with a polymer chain bonded through covalent and/or secondary bonds, which enables strong hydrogen bonding with water molecules. Hydrogel can contain a large amount of water, and when in contact with water shows substantial swelling. Even so, it does not easily decompose or dissolve in water. In addition, its mechanical s...

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Doping engineering of conductive polymer hydrogels and their application in advanced sensor technologies

Abstract: This perspective article reviews recent progress in rational synthesis of conductive polymer hydrogels utilizing doping principles and their applications in advanced sensor technologies.

Cited by 142 publications

References 105 publications

Advancements in Microfabricated Gas Sensors and Microanalytical Tools for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Odors

Advancements in Microfabricated Gas Sensors and Microanalytical Tools for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Odors

Device Based on Polymer Schottky Junctions and Their Applications: A Review

Gamma Ray-Induced Polymerization and Cross-Linking for Optimization of PPy/PVP Hydrogel as Biomaterial

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