Does National Gender Equality Matter? Gender Difference in the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Intention

Abstract

Gender equality contributes to economic growth and social progress by promoting women’s social and economic participation. The national gender equality level can affect women’s education and opportunities for economic participation. In this work, we examine whether entrepreneurial human capital (entrepreneurial education and experience) affects entrepreneurial intention and whether these relationships depend on gender and a country’s gender equality level. We used Global Entrepreneurship Trend Report (GETR) data provided by the Korean Entrepreneurship Foundation. The global survey was conducted by the Korean National Statistical Office in 2016. The data were collected from 20 countries, including Korea, and contain at least 2000 individual responses from each country. We used HLM analysis with the HLM 6.0 program to examine the hypotheses. Our results show that entrepreneurship education increases entrepreneurial intention, and that the relationship is stronger among women than men. We also found that for women, the positive relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention is stronger in countries with lower gender equality. As for prior entrepreneurial experience, neither gender nor national gender equality level moderated the relationship between experience and entrepreneurial intention. This study contributes to the extension of entrepreneurship theory, especially in the area of women entrepreneurship. We confirm that entrepreneurial human capital contributes to entrepreneurial intention, and that gender and national gender equality level comprise an important social context that influences the effects of education and experience on the entrepreneurial intention of women.

The Examining of Entrepreneurial Intention Among Students with Entrepreneurial Education and Individual Value: Mediation Role of Human Capital

“…Simultaneous human capital approach as a strategy to increase individual superior competitiveness to increase creativity and future innovation capacity (Suciu & Bratescu, 2010;Mariz-Perez et al, 2012;Marvel et al, 2016). The results of this study are the same as the findings of Zhao (2020) which indicates that entrepreneurial intention can grow and develop through efforts to increase the competitiveness of human capital (Aboobaker & D, 2020;Kong & Kim, 2022).…”

“…This shows the need for clarification that the influence of individual values on entrepreneurial intention may be indirect, through the antecedents of intention. Research Dolan & Garcia (2003), Mutamba (2016) and Gashi et al (2017) support that individual value is a predictor of human capital, while on the other hand, it indicates that human capital can be a mediating variable because it is also capable of being a determinant of entrepreneurial intention, as research findings from Zhao (2020), Aboobaker & D (2020), and Kong & Kim (2022). The hypotheses that can be formulated from the above statement are as follows: H6: Human capital was able to mediate the effect of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention.…”

“…However, according to Loi (2017) human capital remains an important part in creating entrepreneurial intention (Aboobaker & D, 2020). The emergence of entrepreneurial intention according to Zhao (2020) was developed from the competitiveness of human capital (Kong & Kim, 2022). The hypotheses that can be formulated from the above statement are as follows: H5: Human capital has an effect on entrepreneurial intention.…”

“…In this study, human capital is used to mediate the relationship between individual value and entrepreneurial intention, taking into account the research of Dolan & Garcia (2003), Mutamba (2016) and Gashi et al (2017) individual value is a predictor of human capital. While on the other hand, human capital is able to become a driver of entrepreneurial intention (Zhao, 2020;Aboobaker & D, 2020;Kong & Kim, 2022). So that the assumption of Baron & Kenny (1986) can be fulfilled by human capital as a mediating variable.…”

Measuring factors influencing entrepreneurial intention across gender in India: evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Database

“…The most important contribution that cognitive science offers to the entrepreneurship research is that we apprehend reality not directly, but through multiple perceptual lenses at different levels of interventionindividual, context and environment and society (Grégoire et al, 2011;Rantanen and Toikko, 2017;Dileo and García Pereiro, 2019). Empirical evidence indicates that launching a successful venture requires a potential entrepreneur to have the necessary entrepreneurial skills, knowledge and experiences (Kedmenec et al, 2014;Elnadi and Gheith, 2021;; a role model and motivation from successful entrepreneurs (Cinar et al, 2018;Choukir et al, 2019;Nowi nski et al, 2019;Amofah and Saladrigues, 2022); and less fear of failure (Cacciotti et al, 2016;Hassan et al, 2021;Sendra-Pons et al, Besides cognitive perceptions, it is important to consider the perceptions of economic opportunities, which can also be influencing entrepreneurial intention (Yasir et al, 2017;Dubey and Sahu, 2022;Kong and Kim, 2022). The growing viability of entrepreneurship from an economic standpoint, and as an individual career option, has recently generated a vast amount of research (Barnir et al, 2011).…”