Measuring factors influencing entrepreneurial intention across gender in India: evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Database

Abstract

Purpose This paper aims at measuring the factors such as cognitive, economic and social recognition affecting entrepreneurial intention across gender in India. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on the Adult Population Survey of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor covering 4,000 respondents on their characteristics, perception and attitude toward entrepreneurship and intention of individuals for starting businesses. The data has been analyzed using chi-square statistics and logistics regression. Findings The relationship among the perceptions toward cognitive, economic and social recognition indicates variation across gender. The probability of becoming entrepreneurs among males and females is significantly influenced by a variety of factors such as cognitive (self-efficacy, knowledge about entrepreneurs and fear of failure), economic (perceived opportunity, career choice and easy to start) and social recognition (sense of equality, status and respect in the society and social welfare) with controlling effect of age, family size, education, working status and household income. Practical implications This paper provides insights on factors affecting entrepreneurial intention across gender and helps in developing a policy framework for promoting new ventures among male and female entrepreneurs. This paper also explores the possibility of future research on entrepreneurial intention in the Indian context. Originality/value Considering the current focus of the government in the country for promoting new ventures through various schemes, this piece of research can be valuable for various stakeholders for adopting a gender-based approach in implementing entrepreneurial initiatives in the emerging economies.

Entrepreneurial fear of failure among college students: A scoping review of literature from 2010 to 2023

“…The most prevalent method is a single-dimensional tool with a dichotomous question (also known as a closed dummy question) that asks participants whether they would give up entrepreneurial activities due to fear of failure. The question was adapted from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), a global project investigating the degree of EFoF in different countries and regions, by asking the following question: “Would fear of failure prevent you from starting a business?” [ 41 ]. Although many EFoF studies have adopted this single-question measurement [ [42] , [43] , [44] ], researchers have criticized its simplicity and neglect of the multidimensional essence of EFoF [ 7 ].…”

“…Gender. Gender has been the focus of many studies on EFoF, revealing notable variations across contexts and populations, including college students [ 41 , [93] , [94] , [95] , [96] ]. The prevailing view suggests that women tend to perceive higher EFoF levels than males.…”

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“…Education, gender, diversity education, and owner's minority status have significant impacts on digital innovation [43]. Attitude is a strong predictor of decision making among Italian university students [44], and there are differences between men and women in their perceptions of cognitive, economic, and social recognition [45]. Perceived self-efficacy and perceived desirability are significant factors that enable EI among business students in Pakistani universities, and entrepreneurial knowledge moderates these associations [46].…”

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“…The authors noted that the lack of any elements thought to be predictors of entrepreneurial intention is not the reason for this lower female entrepreneurial activity, but rather that it is connected to the existence of implicit obstacles for women that affect their entrepreneurial intention. Most recently, characteristics affecting entrepreneurial ambition across gender were measured by Ali et al (2023). The study revealed that a number of factors, including cognitive (self-efficacy, knowledge of entrepreneurs, and fear of failure), economic (perceived opportunity, career choice, and ease of starting), and social recognition (sense of equality, status and respect in society, and social welfare), significantly affect both men and women's likelihood of becoming entrepreneurs, with the effects of age, family size, education, working status, and household size being controlled.…”