Do Men and Women Have Different Goals for Ministry? Evidence from Seminarians

Finlay, Barbara

doi:10.2307/3712159

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The de facto minority status of women in the ministry is exacerbated by long-standing religious norms about appropriate gender roles, which have often been used to challenge the ordination and acceptance of women clergy. Women clergy are also frequently appointed to relatively low-prestige positions (Carroll, Hargrove, and Lummis 1983;Finlay 1996;Lehman 1985;Nesbitt 1997;Sherrill 1991;Zikmund, Lummis, and Chang 1998), and some observers argue that women lack authority and respect in ministerial positions (Ice 1987;Schmidt 1996;Sherrill 1991).…”

Section: Why Study Women Clergy?mentioning

confidence: 97%

Changing Issue Agendas of Women Clergy

Olson

Crawford

Guth

2000

Scientific Study of Religion

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Using data from separate studies conducted in 1988-89 and 1998, we explore changes in the issue agendas of women clergy. Rosenstone and Hansen (1993) argue persuasively that mobilization often occurs due to a commitment to a particular political issue. Our data allow us to test three separate hypotheses about the evolution of women clergy's issue agendas over the course of a decade that saw an unprecedented number of women enter the ministry. Shifts in the issue agendas of women clergy suggest a model of issue agenda evolution including four possible explanations for change: public agenda shifts, changes resulting from the growing number of women clergy, or ideological stability.In July, 1848, Seneca Falls, New York played host to one of the first organized meetings to discuss women's rights. One of the many resolutions debated at Seneca Falls during the drafting of the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, a bold assertion of women's equality modeled on the Declaration of Independence, stated "that the speedy success of our cause depends upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women, for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for the securing to women an equal participation with men in the various trades, professions, and commerce." 1 While it took many generations of struggle before women were allowed to enter the male-dominated ministry, the pulpit has recently become more hospitable to women (Lehman 1985;Wuthnow 1988). Women now constitute about 10 percent of all American religious leaders (Chang 1997), and their ranks continue to expand (Zikmund, Lummis, and Chang 1998).As such, the political significance of women clergy may be expected to increase in decades to come (Hunter and Sargeant 1993), particularly in light of the so-called "gender gap" that appears to be separating the politics of men and women in the United States (Kaufmann and Petrocik 1999;Seltzer, Newman, and Leighton 1997;Trevor 1999;Welch 1977). What might be the political implications of the influx of women into the ministry? To begin to answer this question, we explore the extent to which the issues women clergy identify as most important to them changed from 1988 to 1998, over the course of a decade during which increasing numbers of women entered the ministry.We rely on two separate sets of data-one from 1988-89 and one from 1998-that allow us to assess changes in the issue agendas (which we define as the political issues people say are most important to them) of mainline Protestant women clergy. 2

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Section: Why Study Women Clergy?mentioning

confidence: 97%

Changing Issue Agendas of Women Clergy

Olson

Crawford

Guth

2000

Scientific Study of Religion

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“…Women were also more likely than men to be in non-congregational positions (Carroll et al 1981;Chang and Bompadre 1999;Chang 2005;Finlay 1996;Lehman 2002;Nesbitt 1993;Nesbitt 1997c;Sullins 2000;Wind and Rendle 2001). The question remains as to why.…”

Section: Occupational Feminization and Organizational Gender Inequalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a solid body of research on women clergy focusing on the under-representation of women in the clergy in general, and among head clergy, in particular (e.g., Carroll et al 1981;Chang and Bompadre 1999;Chang 2005;Finlay 1996;Lehman 1981;Nesbitt 1997aNesbitt , 1997bNesbitt , 1997cSullins 2000;Wind and Rendle 2001). The continued under-representation and stratification of women within the clergy occupational structure is an important area for additional study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research on women clergy and clergy gender differences tends to focus on individual clergy as the unit of analysis, within the context of the organizational and occupational structure (e.g., Carroll et al 1981;Chang 2005;Charlton 1997;Finlay 1996;Lehman 2002;McDuff and Mueller 1999;McDuff and Mueller 2000;McDuff 2001;Nesbitt 1993;Nesbitt 1997aNesbitt , 1997bNesbitt , 1997cSullins 2000;Wildhagen et al 2005;Zickmund et al 1998). This article adds to the body of research that focuses on congregational characteristics and congregations as the unit of analysis, while still using clergy as the key variable (e.g., Adams 2007; Konieczny and Chaves 2000;Lehman 1981;Mueller and McDuff 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Job Status of Women Head Clergy: Findings from the National Congregations Study, 1998, 2006, and 2012

Hoegeman

2017

Religions

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This paper investigates occupational gender inequality among head clergy in U.S. religious congregations. Prior research emphasized the stratification of the clergy occupational structure and the under-representation of women in head clergy positions. This paper focuses on women who are leading congregations. Data are from the National Congregations Study (1998, 2006, and 2012). I review the representation of women among head clergy, investigate the differences in congregational characteristics between those led by men and women, and explore whether men or women are more likely to have positions with non-standard employment forms. Findings show a mixed picture regarding equality for women clergy. By 2012, while women are still less likely than men to be head clergy, among head clergy there is not a significant difference between women and men in the likelihood of being a senior pastor (supervising other clergy). Also, there are no significant differences related to non-standard employment. The only significant congregational member characteristic is that women are more likely to lead predominantly white congregations. However, in 1998However, in , 2006However, in , and 2012, women were consistently significantly more likely than men to lead smaller congregations. While there may be few other differences between men and women head clergy job statuses, congregation size is arguably what matters most. Women's lack of representation in larger congregations suggests continued gender inequality among head clergy.

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“…Given this matching system, the under‐representation of female ministers in more affluent congregations, able and permitted to pay a higher stipend, may partly be the result of self‐selection. There is some evidence from the United States that women pastors are less ambitious than their male counterparts in terms of job status, financial rewards and career progression with instead a greater focus on pastoral care and interpersonal contact (Stevens, 1989; Finlay, 1996; Perl, 2002). On this view, a smaller congregation with a stronger sense of community and intimacy may be more appealing to women.…”

Section: The Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Money, Sex and Religion: The Case of the Church of Scotland

Smith

Sawkins²,

Mochrie³

2007

Scottish J Political Eco

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This empirical study addresses whether the gender of a minister has any effect on remuneration in the Church of Scotland in 2004. The data set merges three cross‐sectional sources, namely denominational data, church census information and local geographic (postcode) characteristics. We find that male ministers are more likely to be matched to affluent churches permitted to pay a voluntary stipend premium all else equal. Moreover, conditional on eligibility, there is evidence that male clergy are more likely to receive this bonus. The data are unable to discriminate between demand and supply side explanations of these findings.

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Do Men and Women Have Different Goals for Ministry? Evidence from Seminarians

Cited by 45 publications

References 3 publications

Changing Issue Agendas of Women Clergy

Changing Issue Agendas of Women Clergy

Job Status of Women Head Clergy: Findings from the National Congregations Study, 1998, 2006, and 2012

Money, Sex and Religion: The Case of the Church of Scotland

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