Disposition and biotransformation of pentachlorophenol in the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens)

Abstract

1. The disposition and biotransformation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) have been determined. 2. In a flow-through system, three abalones were exposed to 1.2 mg/l of [U-14C]PCP for 5 h to determine bioconcentration and tissue distribution. Retained residues were quantified from radioactivity, while excreted residues were identified and quantified by h.p.l.c. and determination of radioactivity. 3. The 5-h total concentration factor ranged from 16.0 to 21.5; individual tissue concentrations ranged from 133.4 nmol/g in gill to 17.5 nmol/g in gonad. Due to its large size, the foot muscle received the largest amount of total retained residue (47.4%). 4. During a 13-h recovery period the abalones depurated 72.2% of retained residues; however, residue concentration in gonad increased over 100%. PCP was primarily excreted unchanged (89.3%), but small amounts of pentachloro-beta-D-glucoside (7.9%), pentachloroanisole (1.3%), pentachlorophenylsulphate (0.9%), and tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone (0.6%) were also formed.

Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Metabolism of Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms

“…In bivalva, pentachlorophenol (32) underwent conjugation at the phenol oxygen, with either sulfate or β-glucose. Oxidative dechlorination to form 1,4-dihydroquinone was observed for (32) in abalone (Shofer and Tjeerdema 1993;Tjeerdema and Crosby 1992). Elodea canadensis has been found to dechlorinate trichloroethene with the aid of a dehalogenase (Wolfe and Hoehamer 2003).…”

“…More information on glucosidation has been accumulated through studies on the metabolism of phenols, anilines, PAHs, and pesticides in algae (Kneifel et al 1997;Petroutsos et al 2007;Schoeny et al 1988;Schuphan 1974;Soeder et al 1987;Warshawsky et al 1988Warshawsky et al , 1990, aquatic macrophytes (Barber et al 1995;Ben-Tal and Cleland 1982;Day and Saunders 2004;Ensley et al 1994;Fujisawa et al 2006;Nakajima et al 2004;Pascal-Lorber et al 2004;Roy and Hänninen 1994;Sharma et al 1997;Tront and Saunders 2007), crustacea (Foster and Crosby 1986;Johnston and Corbett 1986a, b;Kashiwada et al 1998;Kobayashi et al 1985aKobayashi et al , b, 1990Kukkonen and Oikari 1988;Sanborn and Malins 1980;Schell and James 1989;Takimoto et al 1987b), bivalva (Shofer and Tjeerdema 1993;Takimoto et al 1987a;Tjeerdema and Crosby 1992), and gumboot chiton (Landrum and Crosby 1981). Pridham (1964) first reported the insignificant activity of UDPG transferases in aquatic macrophytes and algae using quinol and resorcinol, while the usage of various substrates has later revealed the wide distribution of O-glucosyltransferases in the soluble enzyme fraction of these species, but with the limited distribution of N-and S-glucosyltransferases (Pflugmacher and Sandermann 1998a;Pflugmacher et al 1999).…”

“…Significant differences in elimination were observed for the more hydrophobic pesticides, pentachlorophenol (32), DDT (33), and its metabolite DDE (34). Molluscs rapidly eliminated (32), which has a CL 50 of less than 1 day (Shofer and Tjeerdema 1993;Tjeerdema and Crosby 1992), whereas 2-3 weeks is necessary for elimination from polychaetes and shrimp (Ernst 1979;Landrum and Dupuis 1990). Significant differences in CL 50 (by 100 days) were reported for (33) and (34), among amphipods (Lotufo et al 2000).…”

Influence of Dispersants on the Bioavailability of Naphthalene from the Water-Accommodated Fraction Crude Oil to the Golden-Brown Algae, Isochrysis galbana

“…The radiolabeled model petroleum hydrocarbon, [U-14 C]naphthalene, and standards of selected degradation products; ␣-and ␤-naphthyl sulfate, ␤-naphthyl-␤-D-gluco-pyranoside, ␣-naphthyl-␤-glucuronide, and ␣-and ␤-naphthol were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The ␣-and ␤-methoxynaphthalene were synthesized using the methods of Tjeerdema and Crosby (1992).…”

1‐hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit‐feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor

“…This species‐specific difference in phase II metabolism is also evident in metabolism of pentachlorophenol in an oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ) and two species of abalone ( Haliotis fulgens and H. rufescens ). All three species formed sulfated conjugates, whereas only the abalone formed glucoside conjugates of pentachlorophenol [18,19].…”