1‐hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit‐feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor

Abstract

Both 1-hydroxypyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide are identified as the primary phase I and phase II metabolites of the four-ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene in the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Identification of pyrene and primary metabolites was performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection and fluorescence detection (HPLC/DAD/F) and an ion-trap mass spectrometer for positive identification of 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide. Besides 1-hydroxypyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the HPLC/F trace of tissue samples from pyrene-exposed worms showed three additional low-intensity peaks that may be related to pyrene metabolism based on similar excitation/emission wavelengths. The peaks were all too low in intensity to be positively identified. Of the total PAH in tissue, 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, 1-hydroxypyrene, and pyrene constituted 73%, 2%, and 25% respectively. Gut elimination of metabolic products is supported by the identification of 1-hydroxypyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide in both gut fluid and defecation water. Being the only phase I metabolite of pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene becomes a useful marker for PAH exposure, and it may serve as a valuable model compound for assessing species-specific PAH metabolic capabilities.

Polymer‐coated Boron Doped Diamond Optically Transparent Electrodes for Spectroelectrochemical Sensors

“…An intermediate metabolite of pyrene in other eukaryotes, 1-pyOH has been found to be one of the first products of microbial pyrene oxidation [24,[27][28][29][30]. Liquid and gas chromatography are the most frequent detection systems used, but the procedures needed for analysis are quite lengthy [31][32].…”

“…1-hydroxypyrene (1-pyOH)i sc ommonly used as ab iomarkert oe xamine human exposure to PA Hs [26].A ni ntermediate metabolite of pyrene in other eukaryotes,1 -pyOH has been found to be one of the first products of microbial pyreneo xidation [24,[27][28][29][30].L iquid and gas chromatography are the most frequentd etections ystems used, but the procedures needed for analysis are quite lengthy [31][32].I na ne ffort to decrease analysis time Lai et al,u sed immunoaffinity LC and HPLC-MS [33][34]. Though these analysis methodsa re precise and reliable, they are difficultt om iniaturizef or ap otentialf ield-deployable sensor.…”