Different harvest times affect market quality of Lyciumbarbarum L. berries

Abstract

IntroductionGoji berry is the common name of the species Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense, and Lycium ruthenicum, belonging to the genus Lycium of the family Solanaceae, and it is known to occur more often in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Levin and Miller, 2005). The plant is common in Mongolia, the Himalayas, western China, and Tibet (Bucheli et al., 2011), where it occurs in arid, semiarid, and slightly semisaline regions (Fukuda et al., 2001).Worldwide, goji berry is also known as wolfberry. While Lycium ruthenicum has small black berries, Lycium barbarum has various colored berries, ranging from orange to dark red. These 2 species are cultivated commercially, with studies having been conducted more often on Lycium barbarum. Goji berry is a bush-type perennial plant, which is highly tolerant to climatic and environmental conditions, that is able to uptake necessary nutrients and water from the soil due to its advanced root system. Although Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum have similar morphological properties, specific morphological properties are obviously characteristic in distinguishing these 2 species (Wang et al., 2015).In Lycium barbarum, the leaves are long and elliptical, pedicel is 1-2 cm long, calyx usually has 2 lobes that are 2-or 3-ribbed at the end, corolla tube is 8-10 mm long and longer than the lobes, and the berries are red or orange, yellow, rectangular, and oval. There are usually between 4 and 20 brown or yellow seeds per berry. Lycium ruthenicum is bushy like Lycium barbarum and it is rather branched. Leaves are fleshy, linear, or slightly cylindrical. Calyx is dispersed with 2-4 lobes, pedicel is 5-10 mm long, berries are spherical purple and black, sometimes its head or edge is notched, and the seeds are especially brown (Mi et al., 2015).Goji berry plants are highly tolerant to adverse environmental conditions and grow at different altitudes ranging from 700 to 2700 m. In China, the plant is very popular and it has been consumed as a food for centuries due to its many benefits for health and its effect on longevity (Gündüz et al., 2015).The berries, harvested from the beginning of summer to the end of autumn, are consumed either fresh or dried (Amagase and Farnsworth, 2011; Gundogdu et al., 2018). More recently, studies on the goji berries of the species Lycium have focused on potential health-benefitting Abstract: Goji berry is a lesser-known fruit species and its berries have been used in traditional medicine for centuries as remedies to treat eye, liver, and kidney ailments, as well as for the prevention of cancer symptoms due to its high phytochemical content. This study aimed to investigate changes in the pomological, biochemical, and phytochemical properties of the berries of 4 goji berry genotypes harvested during 4 months (June, July, August, and September) of the same year. The results indicated that the highest berry dimensions (height and width) and soluble solid content were obtained from Genotype 2, harvested in June. The vitamin C, total phenolic, an...

Effects of the fruiting period and growing seasons on market quality in goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.)

“…Based upon the results of the two-year data, the amounts of these properties were found to be 31% and 107% higher in the last harvest compared to the first, respectively (Table 2). Similar results also have been reported by Zorenc et al (2016) and Colak et al (2019). Since plant development continues actively at the beginning of the harvest season, carbon sources are used for a higher rate of plant development.…”

“…In June, the fruit length, fruit width, and fruit weight characteristics, which were measured as 18.03 mm, 10.32 mm and 1.02 g, respectively, decreased to 14.18 mm, 8.47 mm and 0.68 g in September (Table 2). Because the crop load is low at the beginning of the harvest season, the fruit sizes and weight are relatively high since the assimilation products are carried to less fruit as reported in having successive ripening berry species including goji berry (Zorenc et al, 2016;Colak et al, 2019). All of the investigated pomological properties also differed significantly over the years.…”

“…Meteorological parameters such as atmospheric layer thickness, the angle of the sun rays, light intensity, radiation, precipitation, temperature, pressure, humidity and wind speed vary significantly between the years. Based upon the changes in meteorological parameters, it has been reported that the yield, pomological and phytochemical characteristics have substantially undergone a change in many fruit species including goji berry (Galindo et al, 2015;Zorenc et al, 2016;Colak et al, 2019). Cool air during the fruit set period increases the yield and pomological properties by higher production of gibberellic acid and cytokinin in the calyx and growth cones (Ozga and Reinecke, 2003).…”

“…Goji berry plants are known for their successive ripening, and berries are commercially harvested approximately every 10 days and the harvest period is spread over a period of 4-5 months (Colak et al, 2019). Serious differences are observed in the morphology and biochemistry of the harvested crops because of different climatic features existing in all harvest periods.…”

Comparative Analysis of Far East Sikhotinsky Rhododendron (Rh. sichotense) and East Siberian Rhododendron (Rh. adamsii) Using Supercritical CO2-Extraction and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Spectrometry

“…In it, Rhododendron adamsii Rehder and Rhododendron parvifolium Adams are assigned to the subgenus Osmothamnus Maximowicz (Fragrantia E. Busch series and Parvifolia E. for example, in the case of methanol and n-hexane. Easy solvent removal from the final product, high selectivity and the use of moderate temperatures in the extraction process are the main attractive factors of supercritical technology, leading to a significant increase in research for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries [25][26][27].…”