Progression of the vegetation period and change of year are associated with variations in general climatic parameters, such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, radiation, precipitation, wind speed and others. Only limited knowledge is available about the effects of these parameters on the characteristics of quality of fruits especially those with successive ripening such as goji berry. In our study, fruits of goji berry were characterised based on physico-chemical properties within four different harvest periods, in two consecutive years. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the pomological characteristics were superior at the beginning of the production season, while the phytochemical properties were better at the end. Fruit length, width and weight characteristics were noted to decrease from the first harvest to the last by 21%, 18% and 33%, respectively, while the total anthocyanin, phenol and antioxidant activity properties increased by 264%, 48% and 105%, respectively. There was a decrease in fruit weight, fruit length and fruit width up to 15.9%, 18.3% and 6%, respectively and were directly associated with yield due to sink competition among fruits. Providing high ripening index that ensures more acceptable fruits, with high soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) seems to be a very important breeding objective to meet consumer demands thanks to superior organoleptic quality. According to correlations, the synthesis of phenolic compounds increased in parallel with SSC rise and TA, which improved pomological properties too. It is thought that the obtained results may indicate the cultural processes and evaluation methods to be used for the harvested fruits.
IntroductionGoji berry is the common name of the species Lycium barbarum, Lycium chinense, and Lycium ruthenicum, belonging to the genus Lycium of the family Solanaceae, and it is known to occur more often in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Levin and Miller, 2005). The plant is common in Mongolia, the Himalayas, western China, and Tibet (Bucheli et al., 2011), where it occurs in arid, semiarid, and slightly semisaline regions (Fukuda et al., 2001).Worldwide, goji berry is also known as wolfberry. While Lycium ruthenicum has small black berries, Lycium barbarum has various colored berries, ranging from orange to dark red. These 2 species are cultivated commercially, with studies having been conducted more often on Lycium barbarum. Goji berry is a bush-type perennial plant, which is highly tolerant to climatic and environmental conditions, that is able to uptake necessary nutrients and water from the soil due to its advanced root system. Although Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum have similar morphological properties, specific morphological properties are obviously characteristic in distinguishing these 2 species (Wang et al., 2015).In Lycium barbarum, the leaves are long and elliptical, pedicel is 1-2 cm long, calyx usually has 2 lobes that are 2-or 3-ribbed at the end, corolla tube is 8-10 mm long and longer than the lobes, and the berries are red or orange, yellow, rectangular, and oval. There are usually between 4 and 20 brown or yellow seeds per berry. Lycium ruthenicum is bushy like Lycium barbarum and it is rather branched. Leaves are fleshy, linear, or slightly cylindrical. Calyx is dispersed with 2-4 lobes, pedicel is 5-10 mm long, berries are spherical purple and black, sometimes its head or edge is notched, and the seeds are especially brown (Mi et al., 2015).Goji berry plants are highly tolerant to adverse environmental conditions and grow at different altitudes ranging from 700 to 2700 m. In China, the plant is very popular and it has been consumed as a food for centuries due to its many benefits for health and its effect on longevity (Gündüz et al., 2015).The berries, harvested from the beginning of summer to the end of autumn, are consumed either fresh or dried (Amagase and Farnsworth, 2011; Gundogdu et al., 2018). More recently, studies on the goji berries of the species Lycium have focused on potential health-benefitting Abstract: Goji berry is a lesser-known fruit species and its berries have been used in traditional medicine for centuries as remedies to treat eye, liver, and kidney ailments, as well as for the prevention of cancer symptoms due to its high phytochemical content. This study aimed to investigate changes in the pomological, biochemical, and phytochemical properties of the berries of 4 goji berry genotypes harvested during 4 months (June, July, August, and September) of the same year. The results indicated that the highest berry dimensions (height and width) and soluble solid content were obtained from Genotype 2, harvested in June. The vitamin C, total phenolic, an...
Fruchtqualität, wurden die Mineralstoffgehalte in Blättern und Früchten bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigten, dass sowohl Blätter als auch Früchte einen hohen K-, Ca-, Mg-und P-Gehalt aufwiesen. Es konnte keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen den Fruchtfarben (dunkelviolett und blassgelb) und den Mineralstoffgehalten gefunden werden. Der höchste Mineralstoffgehalt wurde beim Genotyp 11 (mit dunkelvioletten Früchten) in den Blattproben und beim Genotyp 17 (mit blassgelben Früchten) in den Fruchtproben festgestellt.Schlüsselwörter Myrtus communis L. · Myrte · Frucht · Blatt · Mineralstoffe
BackgroundWe aimed to document the anatomical variations of pulmonary fissures found during routine forensic autopsies.MethodsA total of 256 pairs of lungs were investigated. Presence of any variant and accessory fissures was noted.ResultsSeventy‐seven percent of the lungs had anatomical variations. In about 2/3 of the cases, oblique fissures were incomplete on both sides. The horizontal fissure was incomplete in 68.4%, and absent in 4.3% of the lungs. Twelve left lungs (4.7%) had a horizontal fissure. Accessory fissures were observed in 35 lungs (13.7%). Azygos lobe variations were detected in 1.7% of the lungs. A superior accessory fissure was present in 6.2% and 2% of right and left lungs, respectively.ConclusionThis and previous similar studies demonstrate the existence of several different anatomical fissural variations in the lungs. Clinicians, radiologists and surgeons should keep these in mind to better evaluate and treat their patients.
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