Different Adipose Depots: Their Role in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome and Mitochondrial Response to Hypolipidemic Agents

Abstract

Adipose tissue metabolism is closely linked to insulin resistance, and differential fat distributions are associated with disorders like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissues vary in their impact on metabolic risk due to diverse gene expression profiles, leading to differences in lipolysis and in the production and release of adipokines and cytokines, thereby affecting the function of other tissues. In this paper, the roles of the various adipose tissues in obesity are summarized, with particular focus on mitochondrial function. In addition, we discuss how a functionally mitochondrial-targeted compound, the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), can influence mitochondrial function and decrease the size of specific fat depots.

Anti-diabetic activity of stigmasterol from soybean oil by targeting the GLUT4 glucose transporter

“…Muscle, adipose, and liver are the three types of tissue most profoundly affected by peripheral IR [36]. IR leads to severely dysregulated glucose and lipid homeostasis, resulting in a worsening of insulin insensitivity in these organs, eventually leading to lipid accumulation [37].…”

Heterogeneity of adipose tissue in development and metabolic function

“…Intra-abdominal triglycerides are stored in the omentum as well as retroperitoneally and viscerally (visceral white adipose tissue, VAT), where VAT functions to shield organs. However, the individual ratio of SAT to VAT varies depending on age, sex, nutrition and the energy homeostasis of specific depots as well as individual genetics (Bjørndal et al, 2011;Shungin et al, 2015;Wajchenberg et al, 2002). Meta-analysis identified sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution (Heid et al, 2010;Randall et al, 2013).…”

Silencing of RB1 and RB2/P130 during adipogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells results in dysregulated differentiation

“…Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of lipids and release of FFA from adipose tissue stores is key to the development of appropriate interventions for diabetes, obesity, and related disorders. 30 We decided to evaluate whether the dysregulated adipogenesis in the absence of retinoblastoma proteins is coupled with an alteration in uptake and release of lipids. Adipocytes with silenced RB2 showed a higher lipid uptake compared with control cells (shCTRL), while adipocytes lacking RB1 showed a higher capacity in lipid release (Fig.…”