Differences in Sleep-Wake Habits and EEG Sleep Variables between Active Morning and Evening Subjects

Abstract

This article is a survey study, followed by an experimental study, examining the differences of sleep-wake habits and sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) variables between morning and evening type subjects (Ss). In the survey study, the Japanese version of the Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Life Habits Inventory (LHI) were administered to approximately 1,500 university students. The survey results showed that the two types were significantly different from each other in terms of retiring and arising time, sleep latency, mood on arising, nap, adequate amount of sleep, number of times of staying awake all night, and variability in bedtime, arising time, and sleep length. These results suggested that evening type Ss had more irregular and/or flexible sleep-wake habits than morning type Ss. In the experimental study, 10 morning and 11 evening type Ss were selected from the population included in the survey study, and polysomnograms were obtained. The results showed that only in rapid eye movement (REM) latency did morning type Ss significantly differ from evening type Ss. REM latency might be related to personality factors, particularly to neuroticism and anxiety.

Developmental Perspectives on Morningness-Eveningness and Social Interactions

“…This large body of literature attests also to the reliability and validity of the MEQ [see review by Kerkhof, 1985]. The validity measures include sleep/wake logs, peak temperature, hormone secretion, and pulse rate [Horne and Ostberg, 1977;Ishihara et al, 1987;Motohashi, 1992;Webb and Bonnet, 1978], and its internal consistency has been reported to be high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82) [Smith et al, 1989]. …”

“…Investigators often use the 25th and 75th percentiles to designate Evening types (E-types) and Morning types (M-types), respectively [e.g., Posey and Ford, 1981]. 3 The differences between the extremes are marked and consistent: M-types arise earlier and go to bed earlier than E-types, are less flexible in their sleep/wake patterns, particularly in their rising times on weekends, nap less during the day, wake up feeling more rested, alert, and physically well, less worried, and in a more positive mood than E-types [e.g., Adan and Almirall, 1990;Breithaupt et al, 1978;Foret et al, 1982;Horne and Ostberg, 1977;Ishihara et al, 1987;Mecacci and Zani, 1983;Patkai, 1971a, b;Smith et al, 1989;Webb and Bonnet, 1978]. In the course of the workday, self-judgments of alertness and positive mood decrease for M-types, but increase for E-types [Patkai, 1973].…”

“…M-types experience fatigue, frequently accompanied by development of gastrointestinal ulcers, which leads to higher dropout than E-types [e.g., Akerstedt, 1985;Barton, 1994;Harma, 1993;Ishihara et al, 1987;Kerkhof, 1985;Minors and Waterhouse, 1989;Tankova et al, 1994]. M-types are likely to experience cumulative sleep deprivation due to their inability to alter morning awakening times.…”

Chronotyp und Depression bei Jugendlichen – ein Review

“…Schultage und freie Tage (Roenneberg, Kuehnle, et al, 2007 Randler, 2009;Smith, Reilly, & Midkiff, 1989) oder die Morningness-EveningnessSubskala des School Sleep Habits Survey (Carskadon, Vieira, & Acebo, 1993) (Roenneberg et al, 2015), der Zeitpunkt der abendlichen Melatonin-Ausschüttung (Molina & Burgess, 2011) und seltener auch der morgendliche Peak der Cortisol-Ausschüttung (Clow, Hucklebridge, Stalder, Evans, & Thorn, 2010). Studien zur Validierung des MEQ zeigten, dass der Peak der Körperkerntemperatur (Bailey & Heitkemper, 2001;Griefahn, Künemund, Bröde, & Mehnert, 2001;Horne & Ostberg, 1976;Ishihara & Miyasita, 1987), der Cortisol-Ausschüttung (Bailey & Heitkemper, 2001) als auch der Zeitpunkt der abendlichen Melatonin-Ausschüttung (Griefahn et al, 2001) (Murray & Lopez, 1996) und Jugendliche besonders späte Chronotypen sind (Roenneberg et al, 2004 Typische Symptome der Depression wie Interessensverlust und Antriebslosigkeit gehen häufig mit sozialem Rückzug einher (Gotlib, 1992;Hagerty, Williams, Coyne, & Early, 1996). Diese Zurückgezogenheit führt meist dazu, dass Patienten seltener ihre Wohnung verlassen und sich so weniger Tageslicht aussetzen (Brown & Jacobs, 2011;Espiritu et al, 1994;Haynes, AncoliIsrael, & McQuaid, 2005).…”

Epidemiology of Bedtime, Arising Time, and Time in Bed: Analysis of Age, Gender, and Ethnicity

“…The majority of studies that have collected data on bedtime and arising time typically focus on a specific age group (Campbell, Gillin, Kripke, Erikson, & Clopton, 1989;Dautovich, McCrae, & Rowe, 2008;Ishihara, Miyasita, Inugami, Fukuda, & Miyata, 1987;Ohayon & Vecchierini, 2005), although a few studies exist that have included more diverse age groups Hume, Van, & Watson, 1998;Lichstein, Durrence, Reidel, Taylor, & Bush, 2004). Thus, there is a dearth of literature regarding basic behavioral circadian parameters.…”