Dietary silymarin, Silybum marianum extract ameliorates cadmium chloride toxicity in common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Abstract

The present study evaluated the protective effects of silymarin extract (SIE) on cadmium chloride toxicity in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Four experimental group were considered for the experiment including: SIE0 (control): non-SIE-supplemented fish, SIE1: fish supplemented with 400 mg SIE/kg diet, SIE2: fish supplemented with1400mg SIE/kg diet, SIE3: fish supplemented with 2400 mg SIE/kg diet). Fish were fed experimental diet for 60 days and then exposed to cadmium chloride (1.5 mg/l or 25% of LC50–96 h) and antioxidant defense components and the survival rate assayed. After 60 days feeding trial, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels significantly increased (P<0.01) in 1400–2400 mg SIE/kg diet treatments compared to those in control and 400 mg SIE/kg diet treatment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) (P>0.01) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels (P>0.01) remained unchanged during the feeding period in all treatments. Hepatic catalase (CAT) in all SIE supplemented groups and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in 1400–2400 mg SIE/kg diet treatments significantly elevated (P<0.01) in response to SIE. Plasma levels of hepatic metabolic enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ] remained unchanged (P>0.01) in all experimental groups over feeding period. After exposure to cadmium chloride, TAC levels were significantly elevated (P<0.01) in all experimental groups. In control and 400 mg SIE/kg diet treatment, TAC showed lower levels (P<0.01) compared to other groups. MDA levels were significantly increased (P<0.01) in control and fish supplemented with 400 and 1400 mg SIE/kg diet. TAC in the fish of 2400 mg SIE/kg diet treatment remained unchanged (P>0.01), following the exposure. CAT (P<0.01), SOD (P<0.01) and GPx (P<0.01) were significantly elevated in response to cadmium chloride in all groups. However, the treatments, 1400 and 2400 mg SIE/kg diet, showed lower increases (P<0.01) of enzymes. AChE activity (P<0.01) in the liver were significantly decreased in control and fish fed 400 and 1400 mg SIE/kg diet. Exposure to cadmium significantly increased (P<0.01) the plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP and LDH in control and those fed 400 and 1400 mg SIE/kg diet. The findings of the current study indicated that SIE at a rate of 1400–2400mg/kg diet might enhance antioxidant defense and protect hepatocytes against toxic effects of cadmium.

Probiotic effects of the fungi, Aspergillus niger on growth, immunity, haematology, intestine fungal load and digestive enzymes of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio

“…Although the use of antibiotics can be beneficial, the continued use of these chemicals may be problematic due to the risk of developing resistant strains, environmental and ecological and human health‐related problems (Cabello, 2006; Chen et al, 2020; Forouharmehr et al, 2022; Romero et al, 2012). Today, the use of natural immune stimulants such as medicinal herbs and purified derivatives and probiotics are known as natural solutions to reduce stress caused by pathogens and environmental pollutants (Al‐Shawi et al, 2017; Al‐Shawi et al, 2021; Datkhile et al, 2020; Durgawale et al, 2019; You et al, 2021). In this regard, the use of probiotic microorganisms as inexpensive and environmentally friendly food supplements is increasing in aquaculture (Ajdari et al, 2022; Balcázar et al, 2006; Hai, 2015; Van Doan et al, 2020).…”

Ameliorative effects of dietary Vitamin‐C on growth performance and hemato‐biochemical response of sodium fluoride‐intoxicated Amur Carp, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus

“…In recent years, food supplementations are used to ameliorate the adverse effects of toxicants (Al‐Shawi et al, 2017; Al‐Shawi et al, 2021; Ghafarifarsani et al, 2021 a,b; Hajirezaee Rafieepour et al, 2019a; Hajirezaee et al, 2019b; Hajirezaee et al, 2020; Rafieepour et al, 2019a; Rafieepour et al, 2019b). Most fish lack the necessary enzymes de novo synthesis of vitamin‐C and the requirement of vitamin‐C is quite low for the growth and survival of fishes; however, a higher level is required to enhance the oxidative and stress resistance activity in fish.…”

The Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Berberine and Silymarin on Acetaminophen Induced Toxicity in Cyprinus carpio L.

“…Although the threats related to pharmaceutical residues in surface waters are real, as they can affect fish health, studies investigating the potential of supplements such as BBR or SM to counteract their effects are scarce. Thus, it has been demonstrated that SM reduced negative effects induced by a sublethal level of deltamethrin in common carp [43] and ameliorated the lesions caused by oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in common carp exposed to sublethal cadmium chloride toxicity [44] or in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) subjected to fluoride toxicity [45]. Likewise, BBR has demonstrated protective effects in chronic copper-induced liver and gill injury in freshwater grouper (Acrossocheilus fasciatus), through enhanced antioxidant capacity, reduced inflammation responses, and mitigation of the liver and gill's structure damage [46].…”