Diagnostic Accuracy of Protein Glycation Sites in Long-Term Controlled Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Their Prognostic Potential for Early Diagnosis

Abstract

Current screening tests for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) identify less than 50% of undiagnosed T2DM patients and provide no information about how the disease will develop in prediabetic patients. Here, twenty-nine protein glycation sites were quantified after tryptic digestion of plasma samples at the peptide level using tandem mass spectrometry and isotope-labelled peptides as internal standard. The glycation degrees were determined in three groups, i.e., 48 patients with a duration of T2DM exceeding ten years, 48 non-diabetic individuals matched for gender, BMI, and age, and 20 prediabetic men. In long-term controlled diabetic patients, 27 glycated peptides were detected at significantly higher levels, providing moderate diagnostic accuracies (ACCs) from 61 to 79%, allowing a subgrouping of patients in three distinct clusters. Moreover, a feature set of one glycated peptides and six established clinical parameters provided an ACC of 95%. The same number of clusters was identified in prediabetic males (ACC of 95%) using a set of eight glycation sites (mostly from serum albumin). All patients present in one cluster showed progression of prediabetic state or advanced towards diabetes in the following five years. Overall, the studied glycation sites appear to be promising biomarkers for subgrouping prediabetic patients to estimate their risk for the development of T2DM.

Dyslipidemic profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A hospital-based study from Eastern Nepal

“…Our research findings illustrated that T2DM patients had significantly higher level of triglycerides (TG) level, increased total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol and lower HDL level which was in line with the similar studies [25][26][27]. Uncontrolled state of T2DM characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance is the major causative factor contributing for dyslipidemia [27,[32][33][34]. Among the lipid parameters, isolated hypertriglyceridemia was the most common in T2DM patients.…”

Plasma levels of free fatty acids correlate with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Furthermore, HbA1c levels vary, not only according to glycaemia, but also according to erythrocyte turnover rates (eg, haemoglobinopathies, malaria, anaemia, blood loss) and other factors. Correlation between HbA1c and FPG can vary from 0.40 to 0.85 in different cohorts, which means that as many as 30% to 80% of the variation in FPG is not explained by HbA1c , and vice versa. Very little is known about changes in HbA1c during the development of diabetes.…”

CUPRAC-Reactive Advanced Glycation End Products as Prognostic Markers of Human Acute Myocardial Infarction

“…The CUPRAC assay demonstrated that, compared with the initial amount of albumin, AGE concentrations increased by 1.11-fold to 5.04-fold within 50 days, with respect to increases in glucose molecules. These increases can be associated with a large number of glycation sites of albumin, which, simultaneously, shows the remarkable stability of AGEs [ 18 , 41 , 42 ]. Currently, approximately 20 types of AGEs have been recognized in human tissues, blood, and foods.…”